不(bu)间(jian)断电源-UPS基本知识及使用(yong)时注(zhu)意(yi)事项介绍-KIA MOS管
信息(xi)来源：本站 日(ri)期：2018-07-13
UPS（Uninterruptible Power System/Uninterruptible Power Supply），即不间断电(dian)(dian)(dian)源，是将(jiang)蓄电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)（多为(wei)铅(qian)酸免维(wei)护蓄电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)）与主(zhu)机(ji)相连接，通(tong)(tong)过(guo)主(zhu)机(ji)逆变器等(deng)模块电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)将(jiang)直流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)转换(huan)成市(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)的系统设备(bei)。主(zhu)要用(yong)于给(ji)单台(tai)(tai)计算机(ji)、计算机(ji)网络(luo)系统或(huo)其它(ta)电(dian)(dian)(dian)力电(dian)(dian)(dian)子设备(bei)如(ru)电(dian)(dian)(dian)磁阀、压(ya)(ya)力变送器等(deng)提供稳(wen)(wen)定、不间断的电(dian)(dian)(dian)力供应(ying)。当(dang)(dang)市(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)输入正常(chang)时，UPS 将(jiang)市(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)后供应(ying)给(ji)负(fu)(fu)载(zai)使用(yong)，此时的UPS就是一台(tai)(tai)交(jiao)流(liu)式电(dian)(dian)(dian)稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)器，同时它(ta)还向(xiang)机(ji)内电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)；当(dang)(dang)市(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)中断（事故停电(dian)(dian)(dian)）时， UPS 立即将(jiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的直流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)能，通(tong)(tong)过(guo)逆变器切换(huan)转换(huan)的方法向(xiang)负(fu)(fu)载(zai)继续(xu)供应(ying)220V交(jiao)流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)，使负(fu)(fu)载(zai)维(wei)持正常(chang)工(gong)作并保护负(fu)(fu)载(zai)软、硬件不受损坏。UPS 设备(bei)通(tong)(tong)常(chang)对电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)过(guo)高或(huo)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)过(guo)低都能提供保护。
UPS电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)(xi)统由(you)五部分组成：主路(lu)、旁(pang)路(lu)、电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)等(deng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)输入电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，进行AC/DC变(bian)(bian)(bian)换(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)（REC），进行DC/AC变(bian)(bian)(bian)换(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)逆(ni)(ni)变(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)（INV），逆(ni)(ni)变(bian)(bian)(bian)和(he)旁(pang)路(lu)输出(chu)切换(huan)(huan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)以及蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。其系(xi)(xi)统的(de)(de)(de)(de)稳(wen)压(ya)(ya)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)通常是由(you)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)完成的(de)(de)(de)(de)，整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件采用可(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)硅或高频(pin)开(kai)关整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，本身具有(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)根据外电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)变(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)控(kong)(kong)制输出(chu)幅度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)，从而当外电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)发(fa)生变(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)时（该变(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)应满(man)足系(xi)(xi)统要求），输出(chu)幅度(du)基本不(bu)变(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)。净化(hua)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)由(you)储能(neng)(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)来(lai)(lai)完成，由(you)于整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)对(dui)瞬(shun)时脉冲(chong)干(gan)扰不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)消(xiao)除(chu)(chu)，整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)仍存在干(gan)扰脉冲(chong)。储能(neng)(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)除(chu)(chu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)存储直流(liu)(liu)直能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)外，对(dui)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)来(lai)(lai)说就(jiu)像接了(le)(le)一(yi)只大容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，其等(deng)效电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)，与储能(neng)(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量大小(xiao)成正比。由(you)于电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)两端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)是不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)突变(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，即利用了(le)(le)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)对(dui)脉冲(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)平滑(hua)特(te)性消(xiao)除(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)脉冲(chong)干(gan)扰，起到了(le)(le)净化(hua)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)，也称干(gan)扰的(de)(de)(de)(de)屏蔽。频(pin)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)稳(wen)定则由(you)变(bian)(bian)(bian)换(huan)(huan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)来(lai)(lai)完成，频(pin)率(lv)稳(wen)定度(du)取决于变(bian)(bian)(bian)换(huan)(huan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)振荡频(pin)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)稳(wen)定程度(du)。为方便UPS电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)(xi)统的(de)(de)(de)(de)日常操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)与维护，设(she)计了(le)(le)系(xi)(xi)统工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)开(kai)关，主机自检(jian)故障后的(de)(de)(de)(de)自动(dong)旁(pang)路(lu)开(kai)关，检(jian)修旁(pang)路(lu)开(kai)关等(deng)开(kai)关控(kong)(kong)制。
在电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)网(wang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压工作正常(chang)时，给(ji)负载(zai)供(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)如图所(suo)示，而且，同时给(ji)储能(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；当突发停电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时，UPS电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源开始工作，由(you)储能(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池供(gong)给(ji)负载(zai)所(suo)需(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，维(wei)持正常(chang)的生产（如粗黑(hei)→所(suo)示）；当由(you)于生产需(xu)要，负载(zai)严重过载(zai)时，由(you)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)网(wang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压经整流直接(jie)给(ji)负载(zai)供(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（如虚线所(suo)示）。
当(dang)市(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正常为380/220VAC时(shi)，直(zhi)(zhi)流主(zhu)回(hui)(hui)路有直(zhi)(zhi)流电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)，供(gong)(gong)给DC-AC交(jiao)流逆(ni)变(bian)器(qi)，输(shu)出稳定的220V或380V交(jiao)流电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)，同时(shi)市(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)经(jing)整流后对(dui)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。当(dang)任(ren)何时(shi)候市(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)欠压(ya)(ya)或突然掉电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，则由电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)组通过隔离二极(ji)管(guan)开(kai)(kai)关向直(zhi)(zhi)流回(hui)(hui)路馈(kui)送电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能。从电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)网供(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)供(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)没有切换时(shi)间(jian)。当(dang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)能量即将耗尽时(shi)，不(bu)间(jian)断(duan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源发出声光报警，并在(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)下限(xian)点停(ting)止逆(ni)变(bian)器(qi)工作，长(zhang)鸣告(gao)警。不(bu)间(jian)断(duan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源还有过载保护功能，当(dang)发生超(chao)载（150%负载）时(shi)，跳(tiao)到旁路状(zhuang)态，并在(zai)负载正常时(shi)自动返回(hui)(hui)。当(dang)发生严重超(chao)载（超(chao)过200%额定负载）时(shi)，不(bu)间(jian)断(duan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源立即停(ting)止逆(ni)变(bian)器(qi)输(shu)出并跳(tiao)到旁路状(zhuang)态，此时(shi)前面输(shu)入空(kong)气开(kai)(kai)关也可能跳(tiao)闸。消除故障(zhang)后，只(zhi)要合上(shang)开(kai)(kai)关，重新开(kai)(kai)机即开(kai)(kai)始恢(hui)复工作。
UPS按工作(zuo)原(yuan)理分(fen)成后备式(shi)、在线(xian)式(shi)与在线(xian)互动式(shi)三大类。
其中(zhong)，我们(men)最(zui)常(chang)用的是后(hou)备式UPS，它(ta)具备了自(zi)动稳(wen)压、断电保护等UPS最(zui)基(ji)础也(ye)最(zui)重要(yao)的功(gong)能，虽(sui)然一般有10ms左右的转换时间，但由于结构简单(dan)而具有价格便(bian)宜，可靠性高等优点，因(yin)此广泛(fan)应用于微(wei)机(ji)、外(wai)设(she)、POS机(ji)等领域(yu)。
后(hou)备(bei)式UPS电(dian)源(yuan)又分(fen)为后(hou)备(bei)式正弦波输出(chu)UPS电(dian)源(yuan)和后(hou)备(bei)式方波输出(chu)UPS电(dian)源(yuan)。
后备(bei)式正弦波(bo)输(shu)出UPS电(dian)源：单机(ji)输(shu)出可做到0.25KW~2KW，当市(shi)电(dian)在170V~264V间变化时，向用户提供(gong)经调压器处理(li)的市(shi)电(dian)；当市(shi)电(dian)超出170V~264V范围时，才由UPS提供(gong)高质(zhi)量的正弦波(bo)电(dian)源。
后(hou)(hou)备式方(fang)波输出(chu)UPS电(dian)源(yuan)：与后(hou)(hou)备式正弦波输出(chu)UPS电(dian)源(yuan)不同的(de)只是为(wei)用户(hu)提供50Hz方(fang)波电(dian)源(yuan)。
在线式UPS结构较复杂，但性能(neng)完(wan)善，能(neng)解(jie)决所有电(dian)源(yuan)问题(ti)(ti)，如四通PS系列，其显著(zhu)特点是能(neng)够持续零中断(duan)地输出纯净正弦(xian)波(bo)交流电(dian)，能(neng)够解(jie)决尖峰、浪涌、频率(lv)漂(piao)移等(deng)全部的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)源(yuan)问题(ti)(ti)；由于需要(yao)较大的(de)(de)(de)投资(zi)，通常应用在关键(jian)设备与网络(luo)中心(xin)等(deng)对电(dian)力(li)要(yao)求苛刻的(de)(de)(de)环(huan)境中。
在线(xian)互动式UPS，同后备式相比较，在线(xian)互动式具(ju)有滤(lv)波功能，抗市电(dian)干扰能力很强，转(zhuan)换时(shi)间小于(yu)4ms，逆变(bian)输出为模拟(ni)正(zheng)弦波，所(suo)以(yi)能配(pei)备服务器、路由器等网络设备，或者(zhe)用在电(dian)力环境较恶(e)劣的(de)地区(qu)。
不间断(duan)电源(yuan)现已广泛应用于(yu)：矿山、航天(tian)、工业、通讯(xun)、国防(fang)、医院、计算机(ji)业务(wu)终端、网(wang)络服务(wu)器(qi)、网(wang)络设(she)备(bei)、数据存(cun)储设(she)备(bei)、应(ying)急照明系统(tong)、铁路(lu)、航运、交(jiao)通、电厂、变电站(zhan)、核电站(zhan)、消防(fang)安全报警系统(tong)、无(wu)线通讯(xun)系统(tong)、程控(kong)(kong)交(jiao)换(huan)机(ji)、移动通讯(xun)、太阳能储存(cun)能量转换(huan)设(she)备(bei)、控(kong)(kong)制设(she)备(bei)及其紧急保护(hu)系统(tong)、个人计算机(ji)等领域。
不间(jian)断电(dian)(dian)源的主要优点，在于它(ta)的不间(jian)断供电(dian)(dian)能力。在市电(dian)(dian)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)输入正常(chang)(chang)时，UPS把(ba)(ba)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)整流(liu)(liu)(liu)成(cheng)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)，然后再把(ba)(ba)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)逆(ni)变成(cheng)稳(wen)定无(wu)杂质(zhi)的交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)，给后级负载使用。一旦(dan)市电(dian)(dian)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)输入异常(chang)(chang)，比如欠压了或(huo)者(zhe)停电(dian)(dian)了又或(huo)者(zhe)频率异常(chang)(chang)了，那(nei)么UPS会(hui)启(qi)用备(bei)用能源-蓄电(dian)(dian)池，UPS的整流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)路会(hui)关断，相应的，会(hui)把(ba)(ba)蓄电(dian)(dian)池的直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)逆(ni)变成(cheng)稳(wen)定无(wu)杂质(zhi)的交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)，继续给后级负载使用。这就是UPS不间(jian)断供电(dian)(dian)能力的由(you)来。
当然(ran)，UPS的不(bu)间断供电(dian)时间不(bu)是无限的，这(zhei)个时间受制于蓄电(dian)池自身(shen)储(chu)存(cun)能(neng)量(liang)的大小。如果发生交流停(ting)电(dian)，那么(me)在(zai)UPS的蓄电(dian)池供电(dian)的宝贵时间内，您需要做的就是赶紧恢复(fu)(fu)交流电(dian)，比(bi)如启(qi)用备用交流电(dian)回路、启(qi)用油(you)机发电(dian)，实在(zai)不(bu)行，就只能(neng)紧急存(cun)盘，保存(cun)劳动成果，等待交流电(dian)恢复(fu)(fu)正(zheng)常后再(zai)继续。
1）UPS的使用(yong)环境(jing)应(ying)注意通风良好，利于(yu)散热，并保持环境(jing)的清(qing)洁。
2）切(qie)勿带感(gan)性负载，如点钞机、日(ri)光(guang)灯、空调(diao)等，以免造成损坏。
3）UPS的输出负载控制(zhi)在(zai)60%左(zuo)右为最佳，可靠性最高。
4）UPS带载(zai)过轻（如1000VA的UPS带100VA负(fu)载(zai)）有可能造成电池的深度(du)放(fang)电，会降低电池的使用(yong)寿命，应尽量避(bi)免。
5）适当的(de)(de)放(fang)电，有(you)助(zhu)于电池(chi)的(de)(de)激活(huo)，如长期不停市电，每隔三(san)个月应人(ren)为断掉市电用UPS带负载(zai)放(fang)电一(yi)次，这样可(ke)以(yi)延长电池(chi)的(de)(de)使用寿命。
6）对(dui)于多(duo)数小型UPS，上班再(zai)开(kai)UPS，开(kai)机(ji)时要避免带载启动，下(xia)班时应关(guan)闭UPS；对(dui)于网(wang)络(luo)机(ji)房的(de)UPS，由于多(duo)数网(wang)络(luo)是24小时工作的(de)，所以(yi)UPS也必须全天候运行。
7）UPS放电后应及时充电，避免电池因过度自(zi)放电而损(sun)坏。
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