锂(li)离子(zi)电池-锂(li)离子(zi)电池构造及工作原理、制作工艺(yi)大全-KIA MOS管(guan)
信(xin)息来源：本站 日期(qi)：2018-09-26
锂(li)离(li)子(zi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)：是(shi)一种(zhong)二次(ci)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)（充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)），它主要依靠锂(li)离(li)子(zi)在正极和(he)负极之间(jian)(jian)移动来(lai)工(gong)作。在充放电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)过程中(zhong)，Li+ 在两个电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极之间(jian)(jian)往返嵌(qian)(qian)入和(he)脱嵌(qian)(qian)：充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)，Li+从正极脱嵌(qian)(qian)，经过电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解质嵌(qian)(qian)入负极，负极处于富锂(li)状态(tai)；放电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)则相(xiang)反。锂(li)系电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)分(fen)为锂(li)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)锂(li)离(li)子(zi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。手(shou)机(ji)和(he)笔记本电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脑使用的(de)(de)都是(shi)锂(li)离(li)子(zi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，通(tong)常(chang)人们(men)俗称其(qi)为锂(li)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)一般(ban)采用含有锂(li)元素的(de)(de)材料作为电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极，是(shi)现代高性能电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)代表。而真正的(de)(de)锂(li)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)由于危险性大，很(hen)少应用于日常(chang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)产品。
锂离子电(dian)池(chi)容易与下(xia)面两种电(dian)池(chi)混淆：
（1）锂电(dian)池(chi)：以(yi)金属锂为负极。
（2）锂离子电(dian)池：使用非水液(ye)态有(you)机电(dian)解质。
（3）锂(li)离(li)子(zi)聚合物电池(chi)：用聚合物来凝胶化液态有(you)机溶剂，或(huo)者(zhe)直接用全固态电解(jie)质。锂(li)离(li)子(zi)电池(chi)一般以石墨类(lei)碳材(cai)料为负极(ji)。
1、正极构造(zao)
LiCoO2+导电剂(ji)+粘合剂(ji)(PVDF)+集流(liu)体（铝箔）
2、负极构造
石墨+导电剂+增(zeng)稠(chou)剂(CMC)+粘(zhan)结剂(SBR)+集流体(ti)（铜箔(bo)）
3、隔膜
一种经特殊成(cheng)型(xing)的高分子薄膜，薄膜有微孔结构，可以(yi)让锂离(li)子自由(you)通(tong)(tong)过(guo)(guo)，而电子不能通(tong)(tong)过(guo)(guo)。
4、有机电解液
溶解(jie)(jie)有六氟磷(lin)酸(suan)锂的(de)(de)碳酸(suan)酯(zhi)类溶剂，聚(ju)合物的(de)(de)则使用(yong)凝胶状电解(jie)(jie)液。
5、电池外壳
分为钢壳(qiao)（方型很少使用）、铝(lv)壳(qiao)、镀镍铁壳(qiao)（圆柱电池使用）、铝(lv)塑膜（软(ruan)包装）等(deng)，还有电池的(de)盖帽，也(ye)是(shi)电池的(de)正(zheng)负极(ji)引出端。
（1）充(chong)电过程
锂离子电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)工作原理原理，是一(yi)个(ge)电(dian)(dian)源给电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充电(dian)(dian)，此时(shi)正极(ji)上的(de)电(dian)(dian)子e从通过外部电(dian)(dian)路(lu)跑(pao)到负(fu)极(ji)上，正锂离子Li+从正极(ji)“跳(tiao)进”电(dian)(dian)解(jie)液里(li)，“爬(pa)过”隔膜上弯弯曲曲的(de)小洞，“游泳”到达(da)负(fu)极(ji)，与(yu)早(zao)就跑(pao)过来的(de)电(dian)(dian)子结合在一(yi)起。此时(shi)：
（2）电池放电过(guo)程
锂(li)离子电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)工作原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)，放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)有恒(heng)流(liu)放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)和恒(heng)阻放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)，恒(heng)流(liu)放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)其(qi)实是(shi)在外电(dian)(dian)(dian)路加一个可以(yi)随(sui)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压变化(hua)而(er)变化(hua)的(de)可变电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，恒(heng)阻放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)实质都(dou)是(shi)在电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正(zheng)(zheng)负极(ji)(ji)加一个电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻让(rang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)子通过(guo)。由此可知，只要负极(ji)(ji)上的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)子不能从(cong)负极(ji)(ji)跑(pao)到正(zheng)(zheng)极(ji)(ji)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就不会放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)。电(dian)(dian)(dian)子和Li+都(dou)是(shi)同(tong)时行动(dong)的(de)，方向相同(tong)但路不同(tong)，放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)时，电(dian)(dian)(dian)子从(cong)负极(ji)(ji)经(jing)过(guo)电(dian)(dian)(dian)子导体跑(pao)到正(zheng)(zheng)极(ji)(ji)，锂(li)离子Li+从(cong)负极(ji)(ji)“跳进”电(dian)(dian)(dian)解液里，“爬过(guo)”隔膜(mo)上弯弯曲(qu)曲(qu)的(de)小洞(dong)，“游泳”到达(da)正(zheng)(zheng)极(ji)(ji)，与(yu)早就跑(pao)过(guo)来的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)子结合在一起。
充放电特(te)性
电芯正极采(cai)用LiCoO2 、LiNiO2、LiMn2O2，其(qi)中LiCoO2本是一(yi)种层结构很稳(wen)定的(de)晶型(xing)，但当(dang)从LiCoO2拿走x个Li离(li)子(zi)后，其(qi)结构可能发(fa)生变化(hua)，但是否发(fa)生变化(hua)取决于x的(de)大小。通过(guo)(guo)研究(jiu)发现(xian)(xian)当x >0.5时，Li1-xCoO2的(de)(de)结构表现(xian)(xian)为极(ji)其不稳定，会发生晶型瘫塌，其外(wai)部(bu)表现(xian)(xian)为电(dian)(dian)芯(xin)的(de)(de)压(ya)(ya)倒终(zhong)结。所以电(dian)(dian)芯(xin)在使(shi)用过(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)应通过(guo)(guo)限制(zhi)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)来控制(zhi)Li1-xCoO2中(zhong)的(de)(de)x值，一(yi)般充(chong)电(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)不大于(yu)4.2V那么x小于(yu)0.5 ，这(zhei)时Li1-xCoO2的(de)(de)晶型仍(reng)是稳定的(de)(de)。
负(fu)(fu)(fu)极C6其本(ben)身有自己(ji)的(de)特点，当第一次(ci)化成后，正极LiCoO2中的(de)Li被充到负(fu)(fu)(fu)极C6中，当放电(dian)(dian)时Li回到正极LiCoO2中，但化成之(zhi)后必须有一部(bu)分Li留(liu)在负(fu)(fu)(fu)极C6中心，以保证下(xia)次(ci)充放电(dian)(dian)Li的(de)正常嵌入，否则电(dian)(dian)芯(xin)的(de)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)倒很(hen)短，为了保证有一部(bu)分Li留(liu)在负(fu)(fu)(fu)极C6中，一般通过限(xian)制放电(dian)(dian)下(xia)限(xian)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)来实现：安全(quan)充电(dian)(dian)上限(xian)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)≤4.2V，放电(dian)(dian)下(xia)限(xian)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)≥2.5V。
记忆效应的原理(li)是结晶化，在锂(li)电(dian)池中(zhong)几乎(hu)不会产生这种反(fan)应。但是，锂(li)离子(zi)电(dian)池在多次(ci)充放后容量仍然会下降(jiang)，其原因是复杂(za)而多样(yang)的。主要是正负极(ji)(ji)材(cai)料本身的变化，从(cong)分子(zi)层(ceng)面来看，正负极(ji)(ji)上容纳锂(li)离子(zi)的空穴结构会逐渐(jian)塌陷、堵塞；从(cong)化学角度(du)来看，是正负极(ji)(ji)材(cai)料活性钝化，出(chu)现副反(fan)应生成(cheng)稳定的其他化合物。物理(li)上还会出(chu)现正极(ji)(ji)材(cai)料逐渐(jian)剥落等(deng)情况，总之(zhi)最终(zhong)降(jiang)低了电(dian)池中(zhong)可以(yi)自由在充放电(dian)过(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)移动的锂(li)离子(zi)数目(mu)。
过(guo)(guo)度充电和过(guo)(guo)度放电，将(jiang)对锂(li)(li)离子电池的正负(fu)极(ji)造成永久的损坏，从分子层面(mian)看，可以直观的理解，过(guo)(guo)度放电将(jiang)导(dao)致负(fu)极(ji)碳(tan)过(guo)(guo)度释出锂(li)(li)离子而(er)使得其(qi)片层结构出现塌陷，过(guo)(guo)度充电将(jiang)把太多的锂(li)(li)离子硬塞进负(fu)极(ji)碳(tan)结构里去(qu)，而(er)使得其(qi)中(zhong)一(yi)些锂(li)(li)离子再也无法释放出来。
不(bu)(bu)适合(he)的(de)(de)温度将(jiang)引发锂离子电(dian)池内(nei)(nei)部其他化学反(fan)应生(sheng)成我们不(bu)(bu)希望看到的(de)(de)化合(he)物，所以在(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)少(shao)的(de)(de)锂离子电(dian)池正(zheng)负(fu)极之间设有保护性的(de)(de)温控隔(ge)膜或(huo)电(dian)解质(zhi)添加剂。在(zai)(zai)电(dian)池升温到一定的(de)(de)情况下，复合(he)膜膜孔闭合(he)或(huo)电(dian)解质(zhi)变(bian)性，电(dian)池内(nei)(nei)阻增大直到断路(lu)，电(dian)池不(bu)(bu)再升温，确保电(dian)池充电(dian)温度正(zheng)常。
1、（正(zheng)、负极）干(gan)混(hun)→湿混(hun)→滚(gun)涂膏(gao)体在导电基(ji)体上→3步干(gan)燥→卷绕→切边（切成(cheng)一定宽度）→辊(gun)压→卷绕（备用(yong)）干(gan)混(hun)采用(yong)球(qiu)(qiu)磨(mo), 磨(mo)球(qiu)(qiu)是玻(bo)璃(li)球(qiu)(qiu)或氧化锆陶瓷(ci)球(qiu)(qiu)；
湿(shi)混采用。行星式拌粉(fen)(fen)机(ji), 其(qi)叶片分(fen)别(bie)装在2-3个轴上, 混合(he)效果更好(hao)。湿(shi)混中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溶剂数量要恰当, 形(xing)成(cheng)合(he)适的(de)(de)流变态, 以获得平(ping)滑的(de)(de)涂层。滚涂电极膏(gao)体(ti)要保证一定的(de)(de)粘度, 膏(gao)体(ti)涂于铝箔(bo)或铜箔(bo)的(de)(de)两面, 而涂层的(de)(de)厚(hou)度取决于电池的(de)(de)型(xing)号。然后(hou)再相继通过3个加热区进行干燥(zao), NMP（或水）从涂层中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)随热空气(qi)或干燥(zao)氮(dan)气(qi)流动而挥发, 溶剂可以回收再利用。辊(gun)(gun)压(ya)(ya)是为了提高涂层的(de)(de)密度, 并使(shi)电极厚(hou)度能符合(he)电池装配的(de)(de)尺寸, 辊(gun)(gun)压(ya)(ya)阶(jie)段的(de)(de)压(ya)(ya)力要适中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong), 以免卷绕时粉(fen)(fen)料散(san)落。
2、电池的组装
圆柱电池的装(zhuang)配工艺(yi)流(liu)程：绝(jue)缘底圈入(ru)筒→卷绕(rao)电芯(xin)入(ru)筒→插入(ru)芯(xin)轴(zhou)→焊负极(ji)(ji)集流(liu)片于钢筒→插入(ru)绝(jue)缘圈→钢筒滚线→真空干燥→注液→组合帽(mao)（PTC元件等）焊到正极(ji)(ji)引极(ji)(ji)上(shang)→封口→X射线检查→编(bian)号→化(hua)成→循环→陈化(hua)。
方形电池装配工艺流(liu)程：绝缘底入钢盒→片状(zhuang)组(zu)(zu)合电芯(xin)入筒→负极(ji)(ji)集流(liu)片焊(han)于(yu)钢盒→上密封垫圈→正极(ji)(ji)集流(liu)片焊(han)于(yu)杆引(yin)极(ji)(ji)→组(zu)(zu)合盖（PTC元件等）焊(han)到旋引(yin)极(ji)(ji)上→组(zu)(zu)合盖定位→激光(guang)焊(han)接(jie)→真空干燥→注液→密封→X射线(xian)检查→编号→化成(cheng)→循环→陈化。
装(zhuang)配(pei)工艺说明：以圆柱形电池(chi)为例（方形电池(chi)基(ji)本过程相(xiang)同）。卷绕芯入筒以前, 将铝条（0.08—0.15㎜厚(hou)(hou)、3㎜宽(kuan)(kuan)）和(he)镍条（0.04—0.10㎜厚(hou)(hou), 3㎜宽(kuan)(kuan)）分(fen)别(bie)用超声(sheng)波焊接在(zai)正、负极导电基(ji)体(ti)的指定处作为集流(liu)引极。
电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)隔膜(mo)一般(ban)(ban)采用PE/PP2层或PP/PE/PP 3层组成, 隔膜(mo)都是(shi)经过(guo)(guo)120℃热处(chu)理过(guo)(guo)的, 以(yi)增加其(qi)阻止性(xing)和(he)(he)提高其(qi)安全(quan)性(xing)。正(zheng)极(ji)、隔膜(mo)、负极(ji)3者叠合(he)(he)后卷(juan)绕(rao)入筒, 由(you)于采用涂(tu)膏电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji), 故必须让膏体材料(liao)与(yu)基体结合(he)(he)得好, 以(yi)形(xing)成高密(mi)(mi)度(du)电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji), 特别(bie)要防止掉粉, 以(yi)免(mian)其(qi)穿透隔膜(mo)而引(yin)起电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)内部(bu)(bu)(bu)短(duan)(duan)路。在卷(juan)绕(rao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)插入钢(gang)筒以(yi)前, 放一个绝缘底入钢(gang)筒底部(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)为了防止电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)内部(bu)(bu)(bu)短(duan)(duan)路这对于一般(ban)(ban)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)都是(shi)相(xiang)同的。电(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)质一般(ban)(ban)采用LiPF6和(he)(he)非水有机溶剂, 在真空注液以(yi)前,电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)要真空干(gan)燥24/h, 以(yi)除去电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)组分(fen)中(zhong)的水分(fen)和(he)(he)潮气(qi)(qi), 以(yi)免(mian)LiPF6与(yu)水反应形(xing)成HF而缩短(duan)(duan)寿命。电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)密(mi)(mi)封(feng)采用涂(tu)密(mi)(mi)封(feng)胶(jiao)、插入垫圈、卷(juan)边加断面(mian)收缩过(guo)(guo)程,基本原理与(yu)碱性(xing)可充电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相(xiang)同。封(feng)口以(yi)后, 电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)要用异丙醇和(he)(he)水的混合(he)(he)液除去油污(wu)物(wu)和(he)(he)溅出(chu)的电(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液, 然后再干(gan)燥。使用一种气(qi)(qi)味传(chuan)感器(qi)或“ 嗅探器(qi)”元件检(jian)查电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)漏液情况。
整个电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)装(zhuang)配完成(cheng)以(yi)后(hou)(hou), 电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)要用X射线鉴(jian)定电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)内部结构是否正(zheng)常, 对于(yu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)芯不正(zheng)、钢壳裂(lie)缝、焊(han)点情况(kuang)、有无短路(lu)等进(jin)行检查, 排除有上述缺陷的电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi), 确(que)保电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)质(zhi)(zhi)量。最后(hou)(hou)一道工序是化成(cheng), 电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)第1次(ci)充电(dian)(dian)(dian), 阳极(ji)上形成(cheng)保护膜, 称为固体电(dian)(dian)(dian)解质(zhi)(zhi)中间相层(ceng)(SEI), 它能防止阳极(ji)与(yu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)解质(zhi)(zhi)反应(ying), 并(bing)是电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)安全操作、高容量、长寿(shou)命的关键要素。电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)经过(guo)几次(ci)充放电(dian)(dian)(dian)循环以(yi)后(hou)(hou)陈化2—3周, 剔去微短路(lu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi), 再进(jin)行容量分选(xuan)包装(zhuang)后(hou)(hou)即成(cheng)为商品了。
1、电(dian)性能(neng)：
（1） 额定容量：0.5C放(fang)电，单体电池放(fang)电时间不(bu)(bu)低于2h，电池组放(fang)电时间不(bu)(bu)低于1h54min（95%）；
（2）1C放(fang)(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)容量：1C放(fang)(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)，单体(ti)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)间(jian)不(bu)低于57min（95%），电(dian)(dian)(dian)池组放(fang)(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)间(jian)不(bu)低于54min（90%）；
（3）低(di)温(wen)放电容(rong)量：-20?C下(xia)0.5C放电，单体或(huo)电池组放电时间均不低(di)于1h12min（60%）；
（4）高温放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)容量：55?C下0.5C放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)，单体(ti)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)时间(jian)不低于1h54min（95%），电(dian)(dian)(dian)池组(zu)放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)时间(jian)不低于1h48min（90%）；
（5） 荷电(dian)(dian)保(bao)持及(ji)恢复能力：满电(dian)(dian)常温下搁置(zhi)28天，荷电(dian)(dian)保(bao)持放电(dian)(dian)时间不低于(yu)1h36min（80%），荷电(dian)(dian)恢复放电(dian)(dian)时间不低于(yu)1h48min（90%）；
（6）储存(cun)(cun)性能：进行(xing)贮(zhu)存(cun)(cun)试验(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)单体(ti)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)或电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)组(zu)应选(xuan)自生产(chan)日(ri)期不足3个月的(de)(de)，贮(zhu)存(cun)(cun)前充50％～60％的(de)(de)容量(liang)，在环(huan)境温(wen)度40℃±5?C，相对湿度45％～75％的(de)(de)环(huan)境贮(zhu)存(cun)(cun)90天。贮(zhu)存(cun)(cun)期满后取(qu)出电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)组(zu)，用0.2C充满电(dian)(dian)(dian)搁置1h后，以0.5C恒流放电(dian)(dian)(dian)至终止电(dian)(dian)(dian)压,上述试验(yan)(yan)可重复测试3次，放电(dian)(dian)(dian)时间不低余1h12min（60%）；
（7）循(xun)环(huan)(huan)寿(shou)命(ming)：电(dian)(dian)(dian)池或电(dian)(dian)(dian)池组采用0.2C充电(dian)(dian)(dian)，0.5C放电(dian)(dian)(dian)做循(xun)环(huan)(huan)，当连续两次(ci)放电(dian)(dian)(dian)容量低(di)于72min（60%）时(shi)停止测(ce)试，单体电(dian)(dian)(dian)池循(xun)环(huan)(huan)寿(shou)命(ming)不低(di)于600次(ci)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)池组循(xun)环(huan)(huan)寿(shou)命(ming)不低(di)于500次(ci)；
（8）高(gao)温(wen)(wen)搁(ge)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寿(shou)命(ming)(ming)：应(ying)选自(zi)生产日期不足三个月(yue)的单体电(dian)(dian)(dian)池的进行(xing)(xing)高(gao)温(wen)(wen)搁(ge)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寿(shou)命(ming)(ming)试验，进行(xing)(xing)搁(ge)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前应(ying)充入50%±5%的容量，然后(hou)在(zai)环(huan)境温(wen)(wen)度(du)为(wei)(wei)55℃±2?C的条下搁(ge)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)7天。7天后(hou)将电(dian)(dian)(dian)池取(qu)出，在(zai)环(huan)境温(wen)(wen)度(du)为(wei)(wei)20℃±5?C下搁(ge)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)2～5h。先(xian)以(yi)(yi)0.5C将电(dian)(dian)(dian)池放电(dian)(dian)(dian)至(zhi)终(zhong)止电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，0.5h后(hou)按0.2C进行(xing)(xing)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)，静置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)0.5h 后(hou)，再以(yi)(yi)0.5C恒流(liu)放电(dian)(dian)(dian)至(zhi)终(zhong)止电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，以(yi)(yi)此容量作为(wei)(wei)恢复容量。以(yi)(yi)上步骤为(wei)(wei)1周循环(huan)，直至(zhi)某周放电(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)间(jian)低于72min（60%）,试验结束。搁(ge)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寿(shou)命(ming)(ming)不低于56天（8周循环(huan)）。
2、安全性能
（1）持续充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)：将(jiang)单(dan)体电(dian)(dian)(dian)池以0.2ItA恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)，当单(dan)体电(dian)(dian)(dian)池端电(dian)(dian)(dian)压达到充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)限制电(dian)(dian)(dian)压时，改为恒压充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)并保持28d，试验(yan)结(jie)束后，应不(bu)泄漏、不(bu)泄气(qi)、不(bu)破(po)裂(lie)、不(bu)起火(huo)、不(bu)爆炸（相当于满电(dian)(dian)(dian)浮充(chong)(chong)）。
（2）过充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：将(jiang)单体电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)用恒(heng)(heng)流稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)源以3C恒(heng)(heng)流充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)达到10V后(hou)转为恒(heng)(heng)压(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，直(zhi)到电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)爆(bao)炸(zha)或(huo)起(qi)火或(huo)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)间为90min或(huo)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)表面温度(du)稳(wen)(wen)定（45min内温差≤2?C）时(shi)停止充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)应不起(qi)火、不爆(bao)炸(zha)（3C10V）；将(jiang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)组(zu)用稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)源以0.5ItA恒(heng)(heng)流充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)达到n×5V（n为串联(lian)单体电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)数）后(hou)转为恒(heng)(heng)压(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，直(zhi)到电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)组(zu)爆(bao)炸(zha)或(huo)起(qi)火或(huo)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)间为90min或(huo)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)组(zu)表面温度(du)稳(wen)(wen)定（45min内温差≤2?C）时(shi)停止充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)应不起(qi)火、不爆(bao)炸(zha)。
（3）强(qiang)制(zhi)放电(dian)(dian)(dian)（反(fan)向充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)）：将单体电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)先(xian)以(yi)0.2ItA恒(heng)流放电(dian)(dian)(dian)至(zhi)终(zhong)止电(dian)(dian)(dian)压，然后以(yi)1ItA电(dian)(dian)(dian)流对电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)进行反(fan)向充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)，要求(qiu)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)间不(bu)(bu)低于90min，电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)应(ying)(ying)不(bu)(bu)起(qi)火、不(bu)(bu)爆炸；将电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)组(zu)其中(zhong)一只(zhi)单体电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放电(dian)(dian)(dian)至(zhi)终(zhong)止电(dian)(dian)(dian)压，其余均为充(chong)满(man)电(dian)(dian)(dian)态(tai)的电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，再(zai)以(yi)1ItA恒(heng)流放电(dian)(dian)(dian)至(zhi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)组(zu)的电(dian)(dian)(dian)压为0V时(shi)停(ting)止放电(dian)(dian)(dian)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)应(ying)(ying)不(bu)(bu)起(qi)火、不(bu)(bu)爆炸。
（4）短路测试(shi)：将单(dan)体电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)经外部(bu)(bu)短路90min，或电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)表面温度稳(wen)定（45min内温差≤2?C）时停(ting)止短路，外部(bu)(bu)线(xian)路电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻应小(xiao)于50mΩ，电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)应不(bu)(bu)起(qi)火、不(bu)(bu)爆(bao)炸；将电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)组(zu)的正负极用小(xiao)于电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻0.1Ω的铜导线(xian)连(lian)接直至电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)组(zu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压小(xiao)于0.2V或电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)组(zu)表面温度稳(wen)定（45min内温差≤2?C），电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)应不(bu)(bu)起(qi)火、不(bu)(bu)爆(bao)炸
3、机(ji)械性(xing)能
（1）挤压(ya)：将单体电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)置在两个挤压(ya)平面(mian)中间，逐渐(jian)增加压(ya)力至13kN，圆(yuan)柱(zhu)(zhu)形(xing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)挤压(ya)方向(xiang)垂直于圆(yuan)柱(zhu)(zhu)轴(zhou)(zhou)的(de)纵轴(zhou)(zhou)，方形(xing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)挤压(ya)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)宽面(mian)和窄面(mian)。每(mei)只(zhi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)只(zhi)能接受一次挤压(ya)。试验(yan)结果应符合(he)4.1.2.1的(de)规定。在电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)组(zu)上放(fang)(fang)一直径为15cm的(de)钢棒对电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)组(zu)的(de)宽面(mian)和窄面(mian)挤压(ya)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)组(zu)，挤压(ya)至电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)组(zu)原尺寸的(de)85%，保持5min，每(mei)个电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)组(zu)只(zhi)接受一次挤压(ya)。
（2）针刺(ci)：将单体电(dian)池(chi)放在一(yi)钢(gang)制(zhi)的夹具中，用(yong)φ3mm～φ8mm的钢(gang)钉(ding)从垂直于电(dian)池(chi)极(ji)板(ban)的方向贯穿（钢(gang)针停留在电(dian)池(chi)中），持(chi)续90min，或电(dian)池(chi)表面温(wen)度稳定(ding)（45min内温(wen)差≤2℃）时停止试验。
（3）重物冲击(ji)：将单(dan)体(ti)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)置于一(yi)钢(gang)(gang)性平(ping)(ping)面上(shang)，用直径(jing)15.8mm的(de)(de)钢(gang)(gang)棒平(ping)(ping)放(fang)在电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中心(xin)，钢(gang)(gang)棒的(de)(de)纵轴平(ping)(ping)行于平(ping)(ping)面，让重量9.1kg的(de)(de)重物从610mm高度自由落到电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中心(xin)的(de)(de)钢(gang)(gang)棒上(shang)；单(dan)体(ti)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)圆柱形时(shi)(shi)，撞(zhuang)击(ji)方向垂(chui)直于圆柱面的(de)(de)纵轴；单(dan)体(ti)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)方形时(shi)(shi)，要撞(zhuang)击(ji)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)宽面和窄面，每只电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)只能接(jie)受一(yi)次撞(zhuang)击(ji)。
（4） 机械冲(chong)击；将电(dian)池(chi)(chi)或(huo)(huo)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)组(zu)采用刚性(xing)固定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)（该方法(fa)能支撑电(dian)池(chi)(chi)或(huo)(huo)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)组(zu)的(de)(de)(de)所有(you)固定(ding)表面(mian)）将电(dian)池(chi)(chi)或(huo)(huo)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)组(zu)固定(ding)在(zai)试验(yan)设备上(shang)(shang)。在(zai)三(san)个(ge)互相垂(chui)直的(de)(de)(de)方向上(shang)(shang)各(ge)承受(shou)一(yi)次等值的(de)(de)(de)冲(chong)击。至少要保证一(yi)个(ge)方向与电(dian)池(chi)(chi)或(huo)(huo)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)组(zu)的(de)(de)(de)宽面(mian)垂(chui)直，每次冲(chong)击按下述方法(fa)进行：在(zai)最(zui)初的(de)(de)(de)3ms内，最(zui)小平均加速度为735m/s2，峰(feng)值加速度应该在(zai)1225 m/s2和(he)1715 m/s2之间。
（5） 振动(dong)(dong)：将电(dian)(dian)池或电(dian)(dian)池组直接安装(zhuang)或通过夹具安装(zhuang)在(zai)振动(dong)(dong)台面(mian)上进行振动(dong)(dong)试(shi)验。试(shi)验条(tiao)件为(wei)频率(lv)(lv)10Hz～55Hz，加速度(du)29.4 m/s2，XYZ每(mei)个(ge)方向扫频循(xun)环(huan)次数为(wei)10次，扫频速率(lv)(lv)为(wei)1oct/min。
（6）自(zi)由(you)(you)(you)跌落(luo)：将(jiang)单体电池或电池组由(you)(you)(you)高(gao)度（最(zui)低点(dian)高(gao)度）为600mm的位(wei)置自(zi)由(you)(you)(you)跌落(luo)到水泥地面上的20mm厚的硬木板(ban)上，从XYZ三个方向各(ge)一(yi)次。自(zi)由(you)(you)(you)跌落(luo)结束后。
4、环境(jing)适应性
（1） 高温(wen)烘烤(kao)：将单体电池放入高温(wen)防(fang)爆箱中，以(yi)（5±2?C）/min升温(wen)速率(lv)升温(wen)至130℃，在该温(wen)度(du)下保温(wen)10min。
（2） 高温储存：将单(dan)体电池或电池组放置(zhi)(zhi)在75±2?C的烘箱中(zhong)搁置(zhi)(zhi)48h，电池应，应不泄漏、不泄气、不破裂、不起火、不爆炸。
（3）低(di)气压(ya)：（UL标准）。
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