电子逆变器电路图

逆(ni)变(bian)器是通(tong)过半导体功率开关(guan)的开通(tong)和(he)关(guan)断(duan)作用，把直(zhi)流电能转(zhuan)变(bian)成交(jiao)流电能的一(yi)种变(bian)换(huan)(huan)装置(zhi)，是整流变(bian)换(huan)(huan)的逆(ni)过程(cheng)。

工作原理

逆(ni)(ni)(ni)变(bian)(bian)装置(zhi)的(de)核心，是逆(ni)(ni)(ni)变(bian)(bian)开关(guan)电(dian)(dian)路(lu)，简称为逆(ni)(ni)(ni)变(bian)(bian)电(dian)(dian)路(lu)。该(gai)电(dian)(dian)路(lu)通(tong)(tong)过电(dian)(dian)力(li)电(dian)(dian)子开关(guan)的(de)导通(tong)(tong)与关(guan)断，来完成逆(ni)(ni)(ni)变(bian)(bian)的(de)功能。

特点

(1)要(yao)求具有(you)较高的效率。

由于目前太阳能电池的价格偏高，为了最大(da)限(xian)度的利用太阳能电池，提高系(xi)统效(xiao)率，必须设(she)法提高逆变器的效(xiao)率。

(2)要求具有较高的(de)可靠性。

目前光伏电(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)系(xi)统主要用于边远地区(qu)，许多电(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)无人值守和维护(hu)，这就要求逆(ni)变(bian)器(qi)有(you)合理(li)的(de)电(dian)(dian)路结构(gou)，严(yan)格的(de)元(yuan)器(qi)件筛选(xuan)，并要求逆(ni)变(bian)器(qi)具备各种保护(hu)功(gong)能，如：输入直流极(ji)性接反保护(hu)、交流输出(chu)短路保护(hu)、过热(re)、过载保护(hu)等。

(3)要求输入电(dian)压(ya)有(you)较宽的适应范围。

由于太阳(yang)能电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)端电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)随负载和日照强度(du)变(bian)(bian)化而变(bian)(bian)化。特别是(shi)当蓄电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池老化时其(qi)端电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)的(de)变(bian)(bian)化范围(wei)很大，如12V的(de)蓄电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，其(qi)端电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)可能在10V~16V之间变(bian)(bian)化，这就(jiu)要求逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)器在较大的(de)直(zhi)流输入电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)范围(wei)内保证正常工作。

逆变器是(shi)通过半导(dao)体(ti)功率开关(guan)(guan)的(de)开通和关(guan)(guan)断(duan)作用，把直流(liu)电(dian)能(neng)转变成(cheng)交流(liu)电(dian)能(neng)的(de)一种变换装置，是(shi)整(zheng)流(liu)变换的(de)逆过程。

车载逆变器的整(zheng)个(ge)电(dian)路(lu)大(da)(da)体上可(ke)分(fen)(fen)为两大(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)，每部(bu)分(fen)(fen)各采用一(yi)只TL494或KA7500芯片组成(cheng)控制电(dian)路(lu)，其中第(di)一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)电(dian)路(lu)的作用是(shi)(shi)将汽(qi)车电(dian)瓶等(deng)提供的12V直流电(dian)，通过高(gao)频PWM (脉宽(kuan)调制)开关(guan)电(dian)源技术(shu)转(zhuan)换(huan)(huan)成(cheng)30kHz－50kHz、220V左右(you)的交流电(dian)；第(di)二(er)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)电(dian)路(lu)的作用则(ze)是(shi)(shi)利用桥(qiao)式(shi)整(zheng)流、滤波、脉宽(kuan)调制及开关(guan)功率(lv)输出等(deng)技术(shu)，将30kHz～50kHz、220V左右(you)的交流电(dian)转(zhuan)换(huan)(huan)成(cheng)50Hz、220V的交流电(dian)。

高频升压逆变控制电路：

（1）脚(jiao)(jiao)第(di)一组放(fang)大器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)同相输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)端(duan)，检测输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，与(yu)3个(ge)0.33R 电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻分压，当电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流过大时(shi)，分压电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻上(shang)的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压超(chao)过（2）脚(jiao)(jiao)基准电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压，（3）脚(jiao)(jiao)放(fang)大器(qi)(qi)(qi)输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)端(duan)输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)高(gao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平，（3）脚(jiao)(jiao)为高(gao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平时(shi)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)进入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)保护状态。（2）脚(jiao)(jiao)为比较器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)反相输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)端(duan)，接（14）脚(jiao)(jiao)基准，作比较器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)参考电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压，外部输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)端(duan)的(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)信号可输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)至脚(jiao)(jiao)（4）的(de)(de)截止(zhi)时(shi)间(jian)控制(zhi)(zhi)端(duan)（也叫(jiao)死区(qu)时(shi)间(jian)控制(zhi)(zhi)），与(yu)脚(jiao)(jiao)（1）、（2）、（15）、（16）误差(cha)放(fang)大器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)端(duan)，其(qi)(qi)输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)端(duan)点的(de)(de)抵补电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压为120mV，其(qi)(qi)可限制(zhi)(zhi)输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)截止(zhi)时(shi)间(jian)至最小(xiao)值，大约(yue)为最初锯齿(chi)波(bo)周期时(shi)间(jian)的(de)(de)4%。当13脚(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)模(mo)控制(zhi)(zhi)端(duan)接地(di)时(shi)，可获得96%最大工作周期，而当(13)脚(jiao)(jiao)接制(zhi)(zhi)参考电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压时(shi)，可获得48%最大工作周期。如果(guo)我们在第(di)4脚(jiao)(jiao)截止(zhi)时(shi)间(jian)控制(zhi)(zhi)输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)端(duan)设定(ding)一个(ge)固(gu)定(ding)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压，其(qi)(qi)范围(wei)由0V至3.3V之间(jian)，则附加(jia)的(de)(de)截止(zhi)时(shi)间(jian)一定(ding)出(chu)现(xian)在输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)上(shang)。  （5）、（6）脚(jiao)(jiao)是一个(ge)固(gu)定(ding)频率的(de)(de)脉冲宽度调制(zhi)(zhi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，内置了线性锯齿(chi)波(bo)振(zhen)荡器(qi)(qi)(qi)，振(zhen)荡频率可通(tong)过外部的(de)(de)一个(ge)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻和一个(ge)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容进行调节(jie)，其(qi)(qi)振(zhen)荡频率如下(xia)：

输(shu)(shu)出(chu)脉冲(chong)(chong)的(de)宽(kuan)度(du)是(shi)通过电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容CT上的(de)正极(ji)(ji)性锯齿(chi)波(bo)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)与(yu)另外两(liang)个控制(zhi)信(xin)号进行比较来实现。功率输(shu)(shu)出(chu)管Q1和(he)Q2受控于或非门(men)。当双(shuang)稳触发器的(de)时(shi)钟信(xin)号为低电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)时(shi)才会被(bei)选通，即只(zhi)有在(zai)锯齿(chi)波(bo)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)大(da)(da)于控制(zhi)信(xin)号期间(jian)才会被(bei)选通。当控制(zhi)信(xin)号增(zeng)大(da)(da)，输(shu)(shu)出(chu)脉冲(chong)(chong)的(de)宽(kuan)度(du)将减小。（7）脚(jiao)接(jie)地端(duan)，（8）、（11）脚(jiao)是(shi)Q1和(he)Q2内部开关(guan)管的(de)集电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)，在(zai)此电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中接(jie)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，(9)、(10)脚(jiao)为Q1、Q2的(de)发射极(ji)(ji)，作开关(guan)管驱(qu)动输(shu)(shu)出(chu)端(duan)，接(jie)下图中Q1与(yu)Q2外部放(fang)大(da)(da)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。以(yi)驱(qu)动后极(ji)(ji)推(tui)挽电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。（12）脚(jiao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)端(duan)，(13）脚(jiao)为输(shu)(shu)出(chu)控制(zhi)端(duan)，接(jie)(14)脚(jiao)基准电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)时(shi)两(liang)路(lu)(lu)输(shu)(shu)出(chu)脉冲(chong)(chong)相(xiang)差180方位，每路(lu)(lu)输(shu)(shu)出(chu)量大(da)(da)约200MA的(de)驱(qu)动推(tui)挽或半桥式电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。(15)、脚(jiao)第二组放(fang)大(da)(da)器的(de)反(fan)相(xiang)输(shu)(shu)入端(duan)，接(jie)基准电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)， （16)脚(jiao)同相(xiang)输(shu)(shu)入端(duan)，检测(ce)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)。当电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)过高(gao)超过（15)脚(jiao)参考电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)时(shi)，（3）脚(jiao)输(shu)(shu)出(chu)高(gao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)进入保护状(zhuang)态。

高频升压逆变电路及整流：

这是一个推(tui)挽(wan)式拓扑逆变(bian)电(dian)路(lu)，当E1驱动脉冲驱动时(shi)，Q1导(dao)(dao)通(tong)，使VT3、VT6导(dao)(dao)通(tong)，VT7、VT8截(jie)止，此(ci)时(shi)电(dian)路(lu)进(jin)行正半周波形放大，变(bian)压器升(sheng)压到次级，通(tong)过(guo)高(gao)频整流(liu)管整流(liu)，当E2脉冲驱动时(shi)，Q2导(dao)(dao)通(tong)，驱动VT7、VT8导(dao)(dao)通(tong)。VT3、VT6截(jie)止，进(jin)得负半周波形放大。经(jing)升(sheng)压变(bian)压器升(sheng)压后，高(gao)频整流(liu)。

（此VT3\6\7\8以(yi)(yi)推挽方式存在于电(dian)路中，各负责正(zheng)负半周的(de)波形放大任务，电(dian)路工作时(shi)，两只(zhi)对(dui)称的(de)功率(lv)(lv)开(kai)关管每次只(zhi)有一对(dui)导通(tong)，所以(yi)(yi)导通(tong)损耗(hao)小效率(lv)(lv)高。推挽输出(chu)既可(ke)以(yi)(yi)向负载灌电(dian)流.）

逆变桥逆变：

最后由(you)TL494CN芯片的(de)5脚外(wai)接点容C3和(he)(he)6脚外(wai)接电(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R15决定脉宽频率为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)F=1.1÷(0.1×220)KHZ=50HZ控制(zhi)Q10、Q11、Q13、Q14工作在50HZ的(de)频率下，将220V直(zhi)流(liu)电(dian)(dian)逆(ni)变为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)220V/50HZ的(de)交流(liu)电(dian)(dian)，上(shang)图将完成这部分功能。TL494正(zheng)(zheng)向时(shi)(shi)(shi)，IC2控制(zhi)Q3为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)饱(bao)(bao)(bao)和(he)(he)导(dao)通(tong)(tong)状(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)态(tai)(tai)(tai)，Q4为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)截(jie)(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)状(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)态(tai)(tai)(tai)，由(you)于(yu)(yu)Q3为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)饱(bao)(bao)(bao)和(he)(he)导(dao)通(tong)(tong)状(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)态(tai)(tai)(tai)，则(ze)Q10为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)饱(bao)(bao)(bao)和(he)(he)导(dao)通(tong)(tong)状(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)态(tai)(tai)(tai)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)Q4处(chu)(chu)于(yu)(yu)截(jie)(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)状(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)态(tai)(tai)(tai)，Q11因(yin)(yin)栅(zha)极(ji)无正(zheng)(zheng)偏(pian)压而处(chu)(chu)于(yu)(yu)截(jie)(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)状(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)态(tai)(tai)(tai)，同时(shi)(shi)(shi)Q14因(yin)(yin)栅(zha)极(ji)无正(zheng)(zheng)偏(pian)压而处(chu)(chu)于(yu)(yu)截(jie)(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)状(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)态(tai)(tai)(tai)， Q13为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)饱(bao)(bao)(bao)和(he)(he)导(dao)通(tong)(tong)状(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)态(tai)(tai)(tai)。此(ci)时(shi)(shi)(shi)220V直(zhi)流(liu)电(dian)(dian)经(jing)(jing)VT6沿XAC插(cha)座到负载再经(jing)(jing)VT10接地，形成正(zheng)(zheng)半周期(qi)电(dian)(dian)流(liu)；反(fan)向时(shi)(shi)(shi)，IC2控制(zhi)Q3为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)截(jie)(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)状(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)态(tai)(tai)(tai)，Q4为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)饱(bao)(bao)(bao)和(he)(he)导(dao)通(tong)(tong)状(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)态(tai)(tai)(tai)，由(you)于(yu)(yu)Q3为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)截(jie)(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)状(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)态(tai)(tai)(tai)，则(ze)Q10、Q13因(yin)(yin)栅(zha)极(ji)无正(zheng)(zheng)偏(pian)压而处(chu)(chu)于(yu)(yu)截(jie)(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)状(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)态(tai)(tai)(tai)，由(you)于(yu)(yu)Q4为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)饱(bao)(bao)(bao)和(he)(he)导(dao)通(tong)(tong)状(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)态(tai)(tai)(tai)，Q11处(chu)(chu)于(yu)(yu)饱(bao)(bao)(bao)和(he)(he)导(dao)通(tong)(tong)状(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)态(tai)(tai)(tai)，同时(shi)(shi)(shi)Q14处(chu)(chu)于(yu)(yu)饱(bao)(bao)(bao)和(he)(he)导(dao)通(tong)(tong)状(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)态(tai)(tai)(tai)，Q11因(yin)(yin)栅(zha)极(ji)无正(zheng)(zheng)偏(pian)压而处(chu)(chu)于(yu)(yu)截(jie)(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)状(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)态(tai)(tai)(tai)。此(ci)时(shi)(shi)(shi)220V直(zhi)流(liu)电(dian)(dian)经(jing)(jing)VT9沿XAC插(cha)座到负载再经(jing)(jing)VT7接地，形成负半周期(qi)电(dian)(dian)流(liu)；这样接将220V直(zhi)流(liu)电(dian)(dian)成功转变为(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)220V/50HZ交流(liu)电(dian)(dian)输出供负载使(shi)用。

电路中的保护电路：

电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中采(cai)用双运(yun)放比较(jiao)放大器LM358来控制(zhi)输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)过(guo)(guo)流(liu)(liu)保(bao)护，输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)过(guo)(guo)低(di)保(bao)护电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，TL431在此设制(zhi)2.5V基准(zhun)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，给比较(jiao)器同相输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)端(duan)(duan)作参(can)考(kao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，第一组(zu)运(yun)放的(de)(de)同相输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)端(duan)(duan)接(jie)输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)检(jian)测(ce)，反相输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)端(duan)(duan)接(jie)参(can)考(kao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，当电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)过(guo)(guo)大，比较(jiao)器输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)升高(gao)，当超过(guo)(guo)2.5V时，输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)端(duan)(duan)输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)高(gao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)，送入(ru)IC1的(de)(de)3脚，IC关闭(bi)输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)。第二组(zu)运(yun)放同相输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)端(duan)(duan)接(jie)参(can)考(kao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，反相输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)端(duan)(duan)接(jie)输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，当电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)过(guo)(guo)低(di)，检(jian)测(ce)分压(ya)后电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)低(di)于2.5V时，输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)端(duan)(duan)输(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)高(gao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)，Q1导通，蜂(feng)鸣器报(bao)警(jing)。

常见逆变器类型

中小功率

中小功(gong)率逆变电源是户(hu)用(yong)独立交流光(guang)伏(fu)系统中重要(yao)的环节之一，因而各国的光(guang)伏(fu)专家们(men)一直(zhi)在(zai)努(nu)力开发(fa)适于户(hu)用(yong)的逆变电源，以促使该行业更好更快地发(fa)展(zhan)。

多重串联型

多重串联型(xing)逆(ni)变器应用于(yu)电(dian)动汽车有诸多优(you)点(dian)(dian)(dian)。串联结构(gou)输出电(dian)压矢量(liang)种类大大增(zeng)加，增(zeng)强(qiang)了控制(zhi)的(de)灵活性(xing)，提高(gao)了控制(zhi)的(de)精确性(xing)；同时降(jiang)低(di)了电(dian)机中(zhong)性(xing)点(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)压的(de)波动。逆(ni)变器的(de)旁路特点(dian)(dian)(dian)可提高(gao)充(chong)电(dian)和再生制(zhi)动控制(zhi)的(de)灵活性(xing)。

随着(zhe)人们对城(cheng)市(shi)环境的(de)(de)(de)日益关(guan)切(qie)，电(dian)(dian)动汽(qi)车的(de)(de)(de)发展得到了一个难得的(de)(de)(de)机(ji)遇。在城(cheng)市(shi)交通中，电(dian)(dian)动大(da)客车由于载量大(da)，综(zong)合(he)效益高，成为(wei)优先发展的(de)(de)(de)对象。电(dian)(dian)动大(da)客车大(da)都(dou)采用三相(xiang)交流电(dian)(dian)机(ji)，由于电(dian)(dian)机(ji)功率大(da)，三相(xiang)逆(ni)变器中的(de)(de)(de)器件(jian)需(xu)要承受高电(dian)(dian)压(ya)和(he)大(da)电(dian)(dian)流应力(li)的(de)(de)(de)作用，较(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)dv/dt又(you)使电(dian)(dian)磁(ci)辐射严重，并且需(xu)要良好的(de)(de)(de)散(san)热(re)。

而采用多重串联型结(jie)构的(de)大功率(lv)逆变器(qi)则降(jiang)低了单个(ge)器(qi)件承受的(de)电压应力，降(jiang)低了对器(qi)件的(de)要求；降(jiang)低了dv/dt值，减(jian)少了电磁辐射，器(qi)件的(de)发热(re)也大大减(jian)少；由于输出电平种类增加，控(kong)制性能更好。

多重串联(lian)型(xing)逆(ni)变器适用(yong)于大功率的(de)(de)电动(dong)汽(qi)车驱(qu)动(dong)系统。采用(yong)多重串联(lian)型(xing)结构，可降低(di)多个(ge)蓄电池(chi)串联(lian)带(dai)来的(de)(de)危(wei)险(xian)，降低(di)器件(jian)的(de)(de)开关应力(li)和(he)减少电磁辐射。但需要的(de)(de)电池(chi)数增加了2倍(bei)。

多重(zhong)串联型结构输(shu)出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压矢量(liang)种类大大增(zeng)加(jia)，从而增(zeng)强了控制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)灵活性(xing)，提(ti)高了控制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)精确(que)性(xing)；同时降低电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机中(zhong)性(xing)点电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压的(de)(de)波动。为维持每组蓄电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)(de)均(jun)衡(heng)，在运行时需要确(que)保电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)放电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时间一致。通过(guo)旁路(lu)方式，可灵活地对蓄电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)组充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，还(hai)可控制(zhi)(zhi)再(zai)生制(zhi)(zhi)动的(de)(de)力矩(ju)。

车载

车(che)(che)载(zai)逆(ni)(ni)变(bian)器(qi)一般(ban)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)汽车(che)(che)电(dian)(dian)瓶或者点烟器(qi)供电(dian)(dian)，先将低压(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)转(zhuan)(zhuan)换为265V左(zuo)右(you)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)，然后将高压(ya)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)转(zhuan)(zhuan)变(bian)为220V、50Hz的(de)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)。车(che)(che)载(zai)逆(ni)(ni)变(bian)器(qi)打(da)破了(le)在车(che)(che)内使(shi)(shi)用(yong)电(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)诸多局限。车(che)(che)载(zai)电(dian)(dian)源(yuan)不(bu)仅适用(yong)于(yu)车(che)(che)载(zai)系统，只要(yao)有(you)DC12V直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)场合，都可(ke)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)。车(che)(che)载(zai)逆(ni)(ni)变(bian)器(qi)充(chong)分考(kao)虑到外(wai)部的(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)环(huan)境，当(dang)发生(sheng)过载(zai)或短路现(xian)象时将自动(dong)保(bao)护(hu)关机。

单相电压源逆变器

电(dian)压源逆(ni)(ni)变(bian)(bian)器(qi)是(shi)按照控制电(dian)压的(de)方式(shi)将直流电(dian)能转变(bian)(bian)为(wei)交流电(dian)能， 是(shi)逆(ni)(ni)变(bian)(bian)技(ji)术中最为(wei)常见和简单(dan)的(de)一种，下面主要(yao)介绍单(dan)相电(dian)压源逆(ni)(ni)变(bian)(bian)器(qi)。

要从一(yi)个(ge)(ge)直流电(dian)源中获取交流电(dian)能，有(you)多(duo)种方式(shi)，但(dan)至少应使用两个(ge)(ge)功率开关元件(jian)，单相逆变(bian)器有(you)推挽式(shi)、半桥式(shi)、全桥式(shi)三种电(dian)路拓朴结构，如(ru)果(guo)每半个(ge)(ge)工频周(zhou)期(qi)内只输(shu)出(chu)一(yi)个(ge)(ge)脉(mai)冲，我(wo)们(men)称其为方波逆变(bian)器，如(ru)果(guo)每半个(ge)(ge)周(zhou)期(qi)内有(you)多(duo)个(ge)(ge)脉(mai)宽(kuan)组成，并且脉(mai)冲宽(kuan)度符合(he)正(zheng)弦(xian)波调(diao)制（SPWM）规律，则称其为正(zheng)弦(xian)波脉(mai)宽(kuan)调(diao)制输(shu)出(chu)。方波逆变(bian)技术实(shi)质(zhi)上是(shi)一(yi)个(ge)(ge)单脉(mai)冲调(diao)制技术，下(xia)面介绍(shao)其工作原理。

1、推挽式逆变电路

下图(tu)是单相推挽式逆变(bian)器的(de)拓(tuo)朴结(jie)构，该电路由两只共负极(ji)的(de)功率开关元件(jian)和(he)一个初级带有中心抽头(tou)的(de)升(sheng)压变(bian)压器组成。

若交流负(fu)载为纯(chun)阻性负(fu)载，当 t 1 ≤t≤t 2 时(shi) VT 1 功率管加上栅极驱动(dong)信号 Ug1，VT 1 导通，VT 2 截(jie)止，变压(ya)器(qi)输(shu)出端感(gan)应(ying)出正电(dian)压(ya)；当 t 3 ≤t≤t 4 时(shi)，VT 2 功率管加上栅极驱动(dong)信号 Ug2，VT 2 导通，VT 1 截(jie)止，变压(ya)器(qi)输(shu)出端感(gan)应(ying)出负(fu)电(dian)压(ya)，波(bo)形如图下(xia)(xia)图所示，若负(fu)载为感(gan)性负(fu)载，则变压(ya)器(qi)内的电(dian)流波(bo)形连续，输(shu)出电(dian)压(ya)、电(dian)流波(bo)形如下(xia)(xia)图推挽电(dian)路波(bo)形。

推(tui)挽逆变(bian)器的(de)输出(chu)(chu)只(zhi)有两种状态+V0 和-V0 ，实质上是(shi)双极(ji)性调(diao)制，通(tong)过调(diao)节 VT1 和 VT2 的(de)占(zhan)空比来(lai)调(diao)节输出(chu)(chu)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)。推(tui)挽式方波逆变(bian)器的(de)电(dian)(dian)路拓朴结构(gou)简单，两个(ge)功率管可共地驱动，但(dan)功率管承(cheng)受开(kai)关电(dian)(dian)压(ya)为 2 倍的(de)直流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)，因此适合应(ying)用于直流(liu)(liu)母线电(dian)(dian)压(ya)较低的(de)场合。另外，变(bian)压(ya)器的(de)利用率较低，驱动感性负载困(kun)难。

2、半桥式逆变电路

半桥(qiao)(qiao)式逆(ni)变(bian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)拓朴结(jie)构如图 2-4 所(suo)示，两(liang)只串联电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容的(de)中点(dian)作为(wei)(wei)参考(kao)点(dian)，当开(kai)关元(yuan)件 VT 1 导通(tong)时，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容 C 1 上(shang)(shang)的(de)能(neng)量(liang)释(shi)放到(dao)负载 RL 上(shang)(shang)，而当 VT 2 导通(tong)时，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C 2 上(shang)(shang)的(de)能(neng)量(liang)释(shi)放到(dao)负载 RL 上(shang)(shang)，VT 1 和(he) VT 2 轮流(liu)导通(tong)时在(zai)负载两(liang)端(duan)获得(de)了交流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，半桥(qiao)(qiao)逆(ni)变(bian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)在(zai)功率(lv)开(kai)关元(yuan)件不(bu)导通(tong)时承受(shou)直流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya) Ud，由于(yu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容 C 1 和(he) C 2 两(liang)端(duan)的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)均(jun)为(wei)(wei) Ud/2（假设 C 1 =C 2 ） ，因此(ci)功率(lv)元(yuan)件 VT 1 和(he) VT 2 承受(shou)的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)为(wei)(wei) 2Id。实质上(shang)(shang)单相(xiang)半桥(qiao)(qiao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)和(he)前一节讨论的(de)单相(xiang)推挽(wan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)在(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)结(jie)构上(shang)(shang)是对偶的(de)，读者可(ke)自行分析(xi)半桥(qiao)(qiao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)工作过程。

半(ban)桥(qiao)型逆(ni)变电(dian)(dian)路(lu)结构简单，由于(yu)两只串(chuan)联(lian)电(dian)(dian)容(rong)的作用，不会产(chan)生磁偏(pian)或(huo)直流分量，非常(chang)适合(he)后级带(dai)动变压器负(fu)载(zai)，当该电(dian)(dian)路(lu)工作在(zai)工频(pin)（50 或(huo)者(zhe) 60H Z ）时，电(dian)(dian)容(rong)必(bi)须选取较大的容(rong)量，使(shi)电(dian)(dian)路(lu)的成本上(shang)升，因(yin)此该电(dian)(dian)路(lu)主要(yao)用于(yu)高频(pin)逆(ni)变场合(he)。

3、单相全桥逆变电路

单相全(quan)(quan)桥(qiao)(qiao)逆变电(dian)(dian)路也称“H 桥(qiao)(qiao)”电(dian)(dian)路，其电(dian)(dian)路拓朴结构(gou)如图(tu)所示，由(you)两个半(ban)桥(qiao)(qiao)电(dian)(dian)路组成， 以 180度方波为例(li)说(shuo)明单相全(quan)(quan)桥(qiao)(qiao)电(dian)(dian)路的工作原理， 功率开关元(yuan)件 Q 1 与 Q 4 互补，Q 2 与 Q 3 互补，当 Q 1 与 Q 3 同时导通(tong)时，负载电(dian)(dian)压 U 0 = +Ud；当 Q 2 与 Q 4 同时悼通(tong)时，负载两端(duan) U 0 = -Ud，Q 1 Q 3 和 Q 2 Q 4 轮流导通(tong)，负载两端(duan)就得到(dao)交流电(dian)(dian)能。

假设负(fu)(fu)载(zai)具有一定电(dian)(dian)感，即负(fu)(fu)载(zai)电(dian)(dian)流(liu)落后(hou)与电(dian)(dian)压 j 角度(du)，在 Q1Q3 功(gong)率管栅极(ji)加上驱动信(xin)号时(shi)(shi)(shi)，由于(yu)电(dian)(dian)流(liu)的带后(hou)，此时(shi)(shi)(shi) D1 D3 仍处(chu)(chu)于(yu)导通续(xu)流(liu)阶段(duan)，当经(jing)过(guo)(guo) y 电(dian)(dian)角度(du)时(shi)(shi)(shi)，电(dian)(dian)流(liu)过(guo)(guo)零，电(dian)(dian)源(yuan)向负(fu)(fu)载(zai)输送有功(gong)功(gong)率，同样当 Q2 Q4 加上栅极(ji)驱动信(xin)号时(shi)(shi)(shi) D2D4 仍处(chu)(chu)于(yu)续(xu)流(liu)状(zhuang)态，此时(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)量从负(fu)(fu)载(zai)馈(kui)送回直流(liu)侧，再经(jing)过(guo)(guo) y 电(dian)(dian)角度(du)后(hou)，Q2 Q4 才真(zhen)正流(liu)过(guo)(guo)电(dian)(dian)流(liu)。

单(dan)相全桥电(dian)路上述工作状(zhuang)况下(xia) Q1Q3 和(he) Q2Q4 分别(bie)工作半个(ge)周期， 其输(shu)出电(dian)压波形为 180 度的(de)方(fang)波，事实(shi)(shi)上这(zhei)种控(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)式并不实(shi)(shi)用(yong)，因为在(zai)实(shi)(shi)际的(de)逆(ni)变(bian)电(dian)源中输(shu)出电(dian)压是(shi)需(xu)要可以(yi)控(kong)制(zhi)和(he)调节的(de)。

实例讲解(jie)

以(yi)上是一款较为容易制(zhi)作(zuo)的(de)逆变(bian)器(qi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路图，可(ke)以(yi)将12V直流电(dian)(dian)(dian)源电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)逆变(bian)为220V市电(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)路由BG2和BG3组成的(de)多谐(xie)振(zhen)荡(dang)(dang)器(qi)推动，再通过BG1和BG4驱动，来控(kong)制(zhi)BG6和BG7工作(zuo)。其中(zhong)振(zhen)荡(dang)(dang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路由BG5与DW组的(de)稳(wen)压(ya)电(dian)(dian)(dian)源供电(dian)(dian)(dian)，这样可(ke)以(yi)使输出频率比较稳(wen)定。在制(zhi)作(zuo)时，变(bian)压(ya)器(qi)可(ke)选(xuan)有常用双12V输出的(de)市电(dian)(dian)(dian)变(bian)压(ya)器(qi)。可(ke)根(gen)据(ju)需要，选(xuan)择适当(dang)的(de)12V蓄电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量。

以(yi)下是(shi)(shi)一款高效率(lv)的(de)正(zheng)弦(xian)波逆变器电(dian)(dian)(dian)器图，该电(dian)(dian)(dian)路用12V电(dian)(dian)(dian)池供电(dian)(dian)(dian)。先用一片倍压(ya)模块(kuai)倍压(ya)为(wei)运放(fang)供电(dian)(dian)(dian)。可选取ICL7660或MAX1044。运放(fang)1产生50Hz正(zheng)弦(xian)波作(zuo)为(wei)基(ji)准信号。运放(fang)2作(zuo)为(wei)反相器。运放(fang)3和运放(fang)4作(zuo)为(wei)迟滞比较器。其实运放(fang)3和开(kai)关(guan)管1构成的(de)是(shi)(shi)比例开(kai)关(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)源。运放(fang)4和开(kai)关(guan)管2也同样。它(ta)的(de)开(kai)关(guan)频率(lv)不稳定。在(zai)运放(fang)1输(shu)出(chu)信号为(wei)正(zheng)相时，运放(fang)3和开(kai)关(guan)管工作(zuo)。这时运放(fang)2输(shu)出(chu)的(de)是(shi)(shi)负(fu)(fu)相。这时运放(fang)4的(de)正(zheng)输(shu)入端(duan)的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)位(恒为(wei)0)总(zong)比负(fu)(fu)输(shu)入端(duan)的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)位高，所以(yi)运放(fang)4输(shu)出(chu)恒为(wei)1，开(kai)关(guan)管关(guan)闭。在(zai)运放(fang)1输(shu)出(chu)为(wei)负(fu)(fu)相时，则相反。这就实现了两开(kai)关(guan)管交替工作(zuo)。

当基准信(xin)号(hao)(hao)(hao)比(bi)(bi)检(jian)(jian)(jian)测信(xin)号(hao)(hao)(hao)，也即(ji)是(shi)运(yun)放(fang)3或4的(de)(de)(de)负输(shu)(shu)(shu)入端的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)号(hao)(hao)(hao)比(bi)(bi)正输(shu)(shu)(shu)入端的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)号(hao)(hao)(hao)高(gao)一(yi)微(wei)(wei)小(xiao)值(zhi)时，比(bi)(bi)较(jiao)(jiao)器(qi)(qi)输(shu)(shu)(shu)出0，开(kai)(kai)关(guan)管(guan)开(kai)(kai)，随之检(jian)(jian)(jian)测信(xin)号(hao)(hao)(hao)迅速(su)提高(gao)，当检(jian)(jian)(jian)测信(xin)号(hao)(hao)(hao)比(bi)(bi)基准信(xin)号(hao)(hao)(hao)高(gao)一(yi)微(wei)(wei)小(xiao)值(zhi)时，比(bi)(bi)较(jiao)(jiao)器(qi)(qi)输(shu)(shu)(shu)出1，开(kai)(kai)关(guan)管(guan)关(guan)。这里(li)要注意的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，在电(dian)路翻转时比(bi)(bi)较(jiao)(jiao)器(qi)(qi)有个(ge)正反馈(kui)过程，这是(shi)迟滞比(bi)(bi)较(jiao)(jiao)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)点。比(bi)(bi)如说在基准信(xin)号(hao)(hao)(hao)比(bi)(bi)检(jian)(jian)(jian)测信(xin)号(hao)(hao)(hao)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)前提下，随着(zhe)它们的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)值(zhi)不断地靠(kao)近，在它们相(xiang)等的(de)(de)(de)瞬间，基准信(xin)号(hao)(hao)(hao)马上比(bi)(bi)检(jian)(jian)(jian)测信(xin)号(hao)(hao)(hao)高(gao)出一(yi)定值(zhi)。这个(ge)“一(yi)定值(zhi)”影响(xiang)开(kai)(kai)关(guan)频率。它越大频率越低(di)。这里(li)选它为0.1~0.2V。

C3，C4的(de)(de)(de)作用是为了让频率(lv)(lv)较(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)开(kai)关续流电流通过，而对频率(lv)(lv)较(jiao)(jiao)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)50Hz信号产生(sheng)较(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)阻抗。C5由(you)公(gong)式：50=算出。L一般(ban)为70H，制作时最好测一下。这样C为0.15μ左右(you)。R4与(yu)R3的(de)(de)(de)比值(zhi)要严(yan)格等于0.5，大(da)了波形(xing)失真明(ming)显，小了不能起(qi)振，但是宁可大(da)一些，不可小。开(kai)关管的(de)(de)(de)最大(da)电流为：

I==25A。

现(xian)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)逆(ni)变(bian)器，有(you)(you)方波输出和(he)正(zheng)弦(xian)波输出两种。方波输出的(de)(de)逆(ni)变(bian)器效(xiao)率(lv)高，对于采用(yong)正(zheng)弦(xian)波电源(yuan)设计的(de)(de)电器来说，除(chu)少数电器不适用(yong)外(wai)大多数电器都(dou)可适用(yong)，正(zheng)弦(xian)波输出的(de)(de)逆(ni)变(bian)器就没有(you)(you)这方面的(de)(de)缺点，却存在效(xiao)率(lv)低的(de)(de)缺点，如何选择这就需要根(gen)据自己的(de)(de)需求(qiu)了。

联(lian)系方式：邹先生

联系(xi)电话：0755-83888366-8022

手机(ji)：18123972950

QQ：2880195519

联(lian)系地址：深圳市(shi)福田区(qu)车(che)公庙天(tian)安数码(ma)城天(tian)吉大厦CD座5C1

请(qing)搜微(wei)信公众号(hao):“KIA半导(dao)体”或扫(sao)一(yi)扫(sao)下图“关(guan)注”官方微(wei)信公众号(hao)

请(qing)“关(guan)注(zhu)”官(guan)方微信公众号:提供  ;MOS管  技术帮助