电动车充电器电路图

一、电动车充电器的作用

充电(dian)器是电(dian)动自行车(che)的附件，是给蓄电(dian)池(chi)(chi)补充电(dian)能的装置(zhi)。它可以满足电(dian)动自行车(che)用电(dian)的需要(yao)，并对(dui)蓄电(dian)池(chi)(chi)产生保护，有效的延长蓄电(dian)池(chi)(chi)的使用寿命。

电动自行车(che)的充(chong)电器(qi)一般采(cai)用开关(guan)电源充(chong)电器(qi)，分(fen)为二阶段(duan)充(chong)电模式和三阶段(duan)充(chong)电模式两种。

二阶(jie)段充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)即(ji)恒(heng)压(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，它(ta)是(shi)将充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)过程分为恒(heng)流、恒(heng)压(ya)(ya)两个充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阶(jie)段，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流随(sui)蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)上升(sheng)而逐渐(jian)减少。当蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量上升(sheng)到(dao)一(yi)定程度时，再转为恒(heng)压(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，使(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池内的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)缓慢(man)上升(sheng)，当蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)达到(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)终止电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)（不同的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)不一(yi)样，多(duo)段式(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)终止电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)一(yi)般为41.4V，恒(heng)压(ya)(ya)式(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)一(yi)般为43.8~44.4V）时，再转为涓流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，即(ji)浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，这样可以有(you)效的(de)(de)保护(hu)蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，延长(zhang)蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用寿命(ming)。电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动车普遍(bian)采(cai)用三阶(jie)段式(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)(dong)自(zi)行(xing)(xing)车充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是从电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)(dong)自(zi)行(xing)(xing)车中独立(li)出来的(de)(de)(de)。充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是给蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)补充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)装置。充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)好坏对(dui)蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)使用寿(shou)命及电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)(dong)自(zi)行(xing)(xing)车的(de)(de)(de)正常行(xing)(xing)驶有(you)着直(zhi)接的(de)(de)(de)影响(xiang)。电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)(dong)自(zi)行(xing)(xing)车使用的(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)有(you)多种类(lei)型，各种类(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式不尽相同(tong)(tong)，但工作原理大(da)同(tong)(tong)小(xiao)异。

充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就是(shi)在蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)放电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，按与放电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流相(xiang)反(fan)的方(fang)向用直流电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)过(guo)蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，使(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)在蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)内(nei)转化为化学能(neng)储存(cun)起来，恢复其工作能(neng)力，这(zhei)个(ge)过(guo)程叫做蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式有恒流充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和恒压充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)两种方(fang)式。蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压必须高于蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的总(zong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动势。其充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法是(shi)：将蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)负(fu)极(ji)(ji)与电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源负(fu)极(ji)(ji)相(xiang)连，蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)正(zheng)(zheng)极(ji)(ji)与电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源正(zheng)(zheng)极(ji)(ji)相(xiang)连。

二、电动车充电器的工作原理

充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)器(qi)主(zhu)要由塑料外壳、输(shu)(shu)出插(cha)头、输(shu)(shu)入插(cha)头等(deng)组成。充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)器(qi)上(shang)有指(zhi)示灯(deng)，同时作为(wei)电(dian)(dian)源指(zhi)示和(he)(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)指(zhi)示使用(yong)，使用(yong)时先插(cha)上(shang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)的输(shu)(shu)出插(cha)头，再插(cha)上(shang)输(shu)(shu)入插(cha)头即可进行充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)。蓄电(dian)(dian)池的充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)并不(bu)(bu)是随意接上(shang)电(dian)(dian)源就能(neng)(neng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)的，如交流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)变成直流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)，电(dian)(dian)压和(he)(he)电(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的大小不(bu)(bu)适当(dang)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)过充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)等(deng)，这些都需(xu)要充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)器(qi)来完成。

充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)结构(gou)形式(shi)(shi)有两(liang)种(zhong)：一(yi)种(zhong)是(shi)变压(ya)器(qi)(qi)式(shi)(shi)普通充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，另一(yi)种(zhong)是(shi)开(kai)(kai)关(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源式(shi)(shi)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，两(liang)种(zhong)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)各(ge)具(ju)有不(bu)同的(de)特(te)点。目前的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动自(zi)行车一(yi)般采用(yong)开(kai)(kai)关(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源式(shi)(shi)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，其内部(bu)主要由开(kai)(kai)关(guan)变压(ya)器(qi)(qi)、晶体管(guan)、控制集成(cheng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路等构(gou)成(cheng)。采用(yong)开(kai)(kai)关(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源技术(shu)的(de)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，其适用(yong)范(fan)围广，既适合铅(qian)酸(suan)蓄电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，又(you)适合锂(li)蓄电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，且具(ju)有输(shu)入电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)范(fan)围宽（交(jiao)流(liu)100~240V）、输(shu)出(chu)过(guo)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)保护、只(zhi)能防反接、可(ke)长时间(jian)短路、采用(yong)智能三段式(shi)(shi)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等特(te)点。

常见电动车充电器电路图有三种

第一种：下(xia)图为(wei)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路原理图，主要由(you)整流滤波、高压(ya)开关(guan)、电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)变换、恒(heng)流、恒(heng)压(ya)及充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)等几部分(fen)组成。其基(ji)本原理是充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)器将(jiang)输入的(de)(de)220V市(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)经整流滤波后(hou)转变为(wei)直流300V左右的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，通(tong)过开关(guan)管的(de)(de)接通(tong)和关(guan)断，使300V直流电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)变成受控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)交(jiao)流电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，交(jiao)流电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)通(tong)过开关(guan)变压(ya)器耦合(he)后(hou)在(zai)其二次侧产生低压(ya)交(jiao)流电(dian)(dian)(dian)，低压(ya)交(jiao)流电(dian)(dian)(dian)再通(tong)过二极管整流后(hou)输出直流充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)。

开(kai)(kai)关管受电(dian)源(yuan)厚(hou)模块(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制，4N35光耦合器将二次电(dian)压(ya)(ya)波动信号反(fan)馈给电(dian)源(yuan)厚(hou)模块(kuai)，从(cong)而(er)达到稳定输(shu)出电(dian)压(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。使用开(kai)(kai)关电(dian)源(yuan)作为充电(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)好(hao)处(chu)是能有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)根据负载的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)控(kong)制输(shu)出，保护(hu)负载并(bing)节约能源(yuan)。

第二种：图(tu)1：以3842驱动场效(xiao)应管的单(dan)管开关电(dian)(dian)源，配合358双运放来实现三阶(jie)段充电(dian)(dian)方式。其电(dian)(dian)原理图(tu)和元(yuan)件参数见 图(tu)表(biao)2

图表2

工作原理：220v交流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)经T0双向滤波抑制(zhi)干扰(rao)，D1整流(liu)(liu)为脉(mai)(mai)动(dong)直流(liu)(liu)，再(zai)经C11滤波形成稳(wen)定的(de)300V左右的(de)直流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)。U1 为3842脉(mai)(mai)宽调制(zhi)集(ji)成电(dian)(dian)(dian)路。其5脚为电(dian)(dian)(dian)源负极，7脚为电(dian)(dian)(dian)源正(zheng)极，6脚为脉(mai)(mai)冲(chong)输(shu)出直接(jie)驱动(dong)场效应管Q1(K1358) 3脚为最大电(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)限制(zhi)，调整R25(2.5欧(ou)姆)的(de)阻(zu)值可(ke)(ke)以调整充电(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)最大电(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。2脚为电(dian)(dian)(dian)压反馈，可(ke)(ke)以调节(jie)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)输(shu)出电(dian)(dian)(dian)压。4脚外(wai)接(jie)振(zhen)荡电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R1,和(he)振(zhen)荡电(dian)(dian)(dian)容C1。T1为高(gao)频(pin)脉(mai)(mai)冲(chong)变压器(qi)，其作用有三个。

第一是把高压(ya)脉(mai)冲将压(ya)为低压(ya)脉(mai)冲。

第二是起到隔离高压(ya)的作(zuo)用(yong)，以防触电。

第三是为uc3842提供(gong)工作电源。

D4为高(gao)频整流(liu)管（16A60V）C10为低(di)(di)(di)(di)压(ya)(ya)滤波电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容,D5为12V稳压(ya)(ya)二极管， U3(431)为精密基(ji)准(zhun)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)源(yuan)(yuan)，配合U2(光(guang)耦合器(qi)(qi)4N35) 起到自动调(diao)(diao)(diao)节充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。调(diao)(diao)(diao)整w2(微(wei)调(diao)(diao)(diao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu))可(ke)以(yi)细调(diao)(diao)(diao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)。D10是电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)指示灯(deng)(deng)。D6为充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)指示灯(deng)(deng)。 R27是电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)取样电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)（0.1欧姆，5w）改变(bian)W1的(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)值可(ke)以(yi)调(diao)(diao)(diao)整充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)转浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)拐点(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)（200－300 mA）通(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)开始时(shi)(shi)(shi)，C11上有300v左(zuo)右(you)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)。此(ci)(ci)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)一路(lu)经(jing)(jing)T1加(jia)载到Q1。第(di)(di)二路(lu)经(jing)(jing)R5,C8,C3, 达(da)(da)到U1的(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)7脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。强(qiang)迫(po)U1启(qi)动。U1的(de)(de)(de)6脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)输出(chu)方波脉冲，Q1工作(zuo)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)经(jing)(jing)R25到地(di)。同(tong)时(shi)(shi)(shi)T1副线(xian)圈产生(sheng)感应电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)，经(jing)(jing)D3,R12给(ji)U1提供(gong)可(ke)靠(kao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。T1输出(chu)线(xian)圈的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)经(jing)(jing)D4,C10整流(liu)滤波得到稳定的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)。此(ci)(ci)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)一路(lu)经(jing)(jing)D7（D7起到防止电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)倒灌给(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用）给(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。第(di)(di)二路(lu)经(jing)(jing)R14,D5,C9, 为LM358(双运算放大器(qi)(qi)，1脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)为电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)地(di)，8脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)为电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)正)及其外围电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)提供(gong)12V工作(zuo)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。D9为LM358提供(gong)基(ji)准(zhun)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)，经(jing)(jing)R26,R4分压(ya)(ya)达(da)(da)到LM358的(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)二脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)和第(di)(di)5脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。正常充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)(shi)(shi)，R27上端(duan)(duan)有0.15－0.18V左(zuo)右(you)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)，此(ci)(ci)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)经(jing)(jing)R17加(jia)到LM358第(di)(di)三脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，从1脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)送出(chu)高(gao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)。此(ci)(ci)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)一路(lu)经(jing)(jing)R18,强(qiang)迫(po)Q2导(dao)通(tong)，D6（红灯(deng)(deng)）点(dian)亮，第(di)(di)二路(lu)注入(ru)(ru)LM358的(de)(de)(de)6脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，7脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)输出(chu)低(di)(di)(di)(di)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)，迫(po)使Q3关断，D10(绿灯(deng)(deng))熄灭，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)进入(ru)(ru)恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阶(jie)段(duan)(duan)。当(dang)(dang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)上升到44.2V左(zuo)右(you)时(shi)(shi)(shi),充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)进入(ru)(ru)恒压(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阶(jie)段(duan)(duan)，输出(chu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)维(wei)持在44.2V左(zuo)右(you)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)进入(ru)(ru)恒压(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阶(jie)段(duan)(duan)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐渐减小(xiao)(xiao)。当(dang)(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)减小(xiao)(xiao)到200mA—300mA时(shi)(shi)(shi)，R27上端(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)下降，LM358的(de)(de)(de)3脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)低(di)(di)(di)(di)于2脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，1脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)输出(chu)低(di)(di)(di)(di)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)，Q2关断，D6熄灭。同(tong)时(shi)(shi)(shi)7脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)输出(chu)高(gao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)，此(ci)(ci)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)一路(lu)使Q3导(dao)通(tong)，D10点(dian)亮。另一路(lu)经(jing)(jing)D8，W1到达(da)(da)反馈电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，使电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)降低(di)(di)(di)(di)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)进入(ru)(ru)涓流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阶(jie)段(duan)(duan)。1－2小(xiao)(xiao)时(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)结束(shu)。

第三种:充电(dian)器的控(kong)制芯(xin)片(pian)一(yi)般是以(yi)TL494为核心，推动2只13007高压三(san)极管(guan)。配(pei)合324（4运算放大器），实现三(san)阶段(duan)充电(dian)。见图表4

220V交流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)经D1-D4整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，C5滤波得到300V左右直流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。此(ci)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)给(ji)(ji)C4充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，经TF1高(gao)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)绕组(zu)，TF2主(zhu)绕组(zu),V2等(deng)形(xing)成启(qi)动(dong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。TF2反馈绕组(zu)产生(sheng)感应(ying)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，使(shi)(shi)V1，V2轮流(liu)(liu)(liu)导(dao)(dao)通。因此(ci)在(zai)TF1低(di)(di)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)供电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)绕组(zu)产生(sheng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，经D9,D10整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，C8滤波，给(ji)(ji)TL494,LM324,V3,V4等(deng)供电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。此(ci)时输出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)较低(di)(di)。TL494启(qi)动(dong)后(hou)其8脚(jiao)(jiao)，11脚(jiao)(jiao)轮流(liu)(liu)(liu)输出脉冲，推动(dong)V3,V4，经TF2反馈绕组(zu)激励V1,V2。使(shi)(shi)V1,V2,由自(zi)激状态(tai)转入(ru)(ru)受控状态(tai)。TF2输出绕组(zu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)上(shang)(shang)(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)，此(ci)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)经R29,R26,R27分压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)后(hou)反馈给(ji)(ji)TL494的(de)(de)1脚(jiao)(jiao)（电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)反馈）使(shi)(shi)输出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)稳定(ding)(ding)在(zai)41.2V上(shang)(shang)(shang)。R30是电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)取样电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时R30产生(sheng)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降。此(ci)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)经R11,R12反馈给(ji)(ji)TL494的(de)(de)15脚(jiao)(jiao)（电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)反馈）使(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)恒定(ding)(ding)在(zai)1.8A左右。另外充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)在(zai)D20上(shang)(shang)(shang)产生(sheng)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降，经R42到达LM324的(de)(de)3脚(jiao)(jiao)。使(shi)(shi)2脚(jiao)(jiao)输出高(gao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)点亮充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)灯，同(tong)时7脚(jiao)(jiao)输出低(di)(di)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)灯熄灭。充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)进(jin)入(ru)(ru)恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阶段。而(er)且(qie)7脚(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)拉低(di)(di)D19阳(yang)极的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。使(shi)(shi)TL494的(de)(de)1脚(jiao)(jiao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降低(di)(di)，这将(jiang)导(dao)(dao)致充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)最(zui)高(gao)输出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)达到44.8V。当电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)上(shang)(shang)(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)至44.8V时，进(jin)入(ru)(ru)恒压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)阶段。当充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)降低(di)(di)到0.3A—0.4A时LM324的(de)(de)3脚(jiao)(jiao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降低(di)(di)，1脚(jiao)(jiao)输出低(di)(di)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)灯熄灭。同(tong)时7脚(jiao)(jiao)输出高(gao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)灯点亮。而(er)且(qie)7脚(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)抬高(gao)D19阳(yang)极的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。使(shi)(shi)TL494的(de)(de)1脚(jiao)(jiao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)上(shang)(shang)(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)，这将(jiang)导(dao)(dao)致充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)输出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降低(di)(di)到41.2V上(shang)(shang)(shang)。充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)进(jin)入(ru)(ru)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)。

充电器常见的故障有三大类

1：高压故障

高(gao)(gao)压(ya)故障(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要现象是(shi)指示灯不(bu)(bu)亮，其特征(zheng)有(you)保险丝熔断，整流二(er)极管D1击(ji)穿，电容C11鼓包或(huo)炸裂。Q1击(ji)穿,R25开(kai)(kai)路(lu)。U1的(de)(de)(de)(de)7脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)对地短(duan)路(lu)。R5开(kai)(kai)路(lu)，U1无启动电压(ya)。更换(huan)以上元件即(ji)可修复。若U1的(de)(de)(de)(de)7脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)有(you)11V以上电压(ya)，8脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)有(you)5V电压(ya)，说明U1基本正常。应重点检(jian)测Q1和(he)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)引脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)否(fou)有(you)虚焊。若连续(xu)击(ji)穿Q1，且(qie)Q1不(bu)(bu)发(fa)烫，一般是(shi)D2,C4失效(xiao)，若是(shi)Q1击(ji)穿且(qie)发(fa)烫，一般是(shi)低压(ya)部分有(you)漏电或(huo)短(duan)路(lu)，过大(da)或(huo)UC3842的(de)(de)(de)(de)6脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)输(shu)出脉冲波形不(bu)(bu)正常，Q1的(de)(de)(de)(de)开(kai)(kai)关损(sun)耗(hao)和(he)发(fa)热量大(da)增，导(dao)致Q1过热烧毁。高(gao)(gao)压(ya)故障(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)其他现象有(you)指示灯闪烁(shuo)，输(shu)出电压(ya)偏低且(qie)不(bu)(bu)稳(wen)定(ding)，一般是(shi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)引脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)有(you)虚焊,或(huo)者(zhe)D3,R12开(kai)(kai)路(lu),TL3842及其外围电路(lu)无工(gong)作电源。另有(you)一种罕见的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)压(ya)故障(zhang)是(shi)输(shu)出电压(ya)偏高(gao)(gao)到120V以上，一般是(shi)U2失效(xiao)，R13开(kai)(kai)路(lu)所致或(huo)U3击(ji)穿使U1的(de)(de)(de)(de)2脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)电压(ya)拉低，6脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)送出超宽脉冲。此时不(bu)(bu)能长时间(jian)通电，否(fou)则将严重烧毁低压(ya)电路(lu)。

2：低压故障

低压(ya)(ya)(ya)故障大部分是(shi)充电(dian)器与电(dian)池正负极接反(fan)，导(dao)致R27烧断(duan)，LM358击穿。其现象是(shi)红灯(deng)一(yi)直亮，绿灯(deng)不亮，输(shu)出(chu)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)低，或者(zhe)输(shu)出(chu)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)接近0V，更换以上元件即(ji)可修(xiu)复。另外W2因(yin)抖动，输(shu)出(chu)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)漂移(yi)，若输(shu)出(chu)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)偏高，电(dian)池会(hui)过充，严重失水，发烫，最终导(dao)致热失控，充爆电(dian)池。若输(shu)出(chu)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)偏低，会(hui)导(dao)致电(dian)池欠(qian)充。

3：高压、低压均有故障

高(gao)低(di)压电(dian)路(lu)(lu)均有故(gu)障时，通(tong)电(dian)前(qian)应首先全面检测(ce)所有的二(er)极(ji)(ji)管，三极(ji)(ji)管，光耦(ou)合器4N35，场效应管，电(dian)解电(dian)容，集(ji)成电(dian)路(lu)(lu)，R25,R5,R12,R27，尤(you)其(qi)是D4（16A60V,快(kuai)恢复二(er)极(ji)(ji)管），C10(63V,470UF)。避(bi)免盲目通(tong)电(dian)使(shi)故(gu)障范围进一(yi)步扩大。有一(yi)部分充(chong)电(dian)器输出(chu)端(duan)具(ju)有防(fang)(fang)反接(jie)，防(fang)(fang)短路(lu)(lu)等(deng)特殊功能(neng)。其(qi)实就是输出(chu)端(duan)多加一(yi)个继(ji)电(dian)器，在反接(jie)，短路(lu)(lu)的情况下(xia)继(ji)电(dian)器不工作，充(chong)电(dian)器无(wu)电(dian)压输出(chu)。还有一(yi)部分充(chong)电(dian)器也具(ju)有防(fang)(fang)反接(jie)，防(fang)(fang)短路(lu)(lu)的功能(neng)，其(qi)原理与前(qian)面介(jie)绍的不同，其(qi)低(di)压电(dian)路(lu)(lu)的启(qi)(qi)动(dong)电(dian)压由被(bei)充(chong)电(dian)池提供，且(qie)接(jie)有一(yi)个二(er)极(ji)(ji)管（防(fang)(fang)反接(jie)）。待电(dian)源正常启(qi)(qi)动(dong)后，就由充(chong)电(dian)器提供低(di)压工作电(dian)源。

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