380V电机如何转接成(cheng)220V与电机如何接线(xian)方法及步骤详解(jie)-KIA MOS管
信息来源(yuan)：本站 日(ri)期：2018-12-12
本文(wen)只(zhi)要(yao)是(shi)讲(jiang)380V电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)(ji)如(ru)何转(zhuan)(zhuan)接成220V。电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)(ji)(ji)（Motor）是(shi)把电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能转(zhuan)(zhuan)换(huan)成机(ji)(ji)(ji)械能的(de)一(yi)种设备。它(ta)是(shi)利(li)用(yong)通电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)线圈（也就是(shi)定子(zi)(zi)绕(rao)组）产生旋(xuan)转(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)场(chang)并作(zuo)用(yong)于转(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)（如(ru)鼠笼(long)式闭合铝框）形成磁(ci)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力旋(xuan)转(zhuan)(zhuan)扭矩。电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)(ji)(ji)按使(shi)用(yong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源不同(tong)分(fen)为直(zhi)流电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)(ji)(ji)和交(jiao)流电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)(ji)(ji)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系统(tong)中的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)(ji)(ji)大部分(fen)是(shi)交(jiao)流电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)(ji)，可以是(shi)同(tong)步(bu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)(ji)或(huo)者是(shi)异步(bu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)(ji)（电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)(ji)定子(zi)(zi)磁(ci)场(chang)转(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)与(yu)转(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)旋(xuan)转(zhuan)(zhuan)转(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)不保持同(tong)步(bu)速(su)）。电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)由(you)定子(zi)(zi)与(yu)转(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)组成，通电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)导线在磁(ci)场(chang)中受力运动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)方向跟电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流方向和磁(ci)感线（磁(ci)场(chang)方向）方向有关。电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)理是(shi)磁(ci)场(chang)对电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流受力的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，使(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)(ji)(ji)转(zhuan)(zhuan)动(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。
电动(dong)机接(jie)线盒内两种接(jie)线方式示意图
第一(yi)种(zhong)为星形（Y）接(jie)(jie)法，如(ru)(ru)图(tu)，把电(dian)机内(nei)部三相(xiang)定子绕组的(de)Z、X、Y端(duan)(duan)连接(jie)(jie)在一(yi)起，成为一(yi)公(gong)共点(dian)O，再从始端(duan)(duan)A、B、C引出三条(tiao)端(duan)(duan)线(xian)，在接(jie)(jie)线(xian)盒(he)内(nei)，分(fen)别通入(ru)U.V.W三相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)电(dian)（380V），提供电(dian)机运行电(dian)源，适用于3KW及以下的(de)三相(xiang)异步(bu)感应式电(dian)动机。 实(shi)物(wu)图(tu)如(ru)(ru)下：
第二种为(wei)三(san)(san)角形（△）接法(fa)，即将三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)定子绕(rao)(rao)组的(de)首尾(wei)对应连接，如图第一相(xiang)(xiang)绕(rao)(rao)组的(de)A端(duan)与第三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)绕(rao)(rao)组的(de)Z端(duan)连接可视为(wei)U相(xiang)(xiang)，第二绕(rao)(rao)组B端(duan)与第一绕(rao)(rao)组的(de)X端(duan)相(xiang)(xiang)连接可为(wei)V相(xiang)(xiang)，第三(san)(san)绕(rao)(rao)组C端(duan)与第二绕(rao)(rao)组的(de)Y端(duan)相(xiang)(xiang)连接可为(wei)W相(xiang)(xiang)，再通(tong)过三(san)(san)条线连入(ru)接线盒，分别通(tong)入(ru)U.V.W三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交流电源(yuan)（380V），提(ti)供给电机(ji)(ji)运行电源(yuan)，适用于(yu)4kw及以上的(de)三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)异步感应式电动机(ji)(ji)。但对电动机(ji)(ji)的(de)接线方法(fa)应按实际铭(ming)牌接线为(wei)准(zhun)。
电机实物三角(jiao)形(xing)接(jie)法
电动(dong)机接线简(jian)单(dan)示意图
图(tu)中为什么W2下(xia)面不是W1，而是U1呢？其(qi)实(shi)，就是为了方便接线，如(ru)果(guo)一一对应的排布，尤其(qi)在三角形(xing)接线时，会非常(chang)不方便。如(ru)下(xia)图(tu)：
电动(dong)机接线盒接线示意图
可以看出，在接(jie)三角形时，上面的线(xian)交叉了，实际操作中非常(chang)困难，也比较不安全，容(rong)易造成相间短路。
接(jie)(jie)线盒中(zhong)六个接(jie)(jie)线头关系示意(yi)图(tu)
如上(shang)面实物图中我(wo)们也看到了(le)，三(san)(san)相电动机的(de)接(jie)(jie)线(xian)盒内有上(shang)下两排(pai)接(jie)(jie)线(xian)柱，我(wo)们通(tong)过上(shang)面这个(ge)“接(jie)(jie)头(tou)(tou)关系(xi)示意图”来进(jin)一(yi)步(bu)说(shuo)明它(ta)们的(de)关系(xi)，暂且把(ba)三(san)(san)相绕组这六(liu)个(ge)接(jie)(jie)线(xian)头(tou)(tou)分别(bie)标记为(wei)符号(hao)D1 、 D2 、 D3 、 D4 、 D5 、 D6 ，其中 D1 和(he)(he) D4 、 D2 和(he)(he) D5 、 D3 和(he)(he) D6 各为(wei)一(yi)相，其实就是(shi)同(tong)一(yi)根(gen)(gen)线(xian)的(de)两头(tou)(tou)而已，每一(yi)根(gen)(gen)线(xian)称(cheng)为(wei)一(yi)相绕组，三(san)(san)根(gen)(gen)就称(cheng)为(wei) A 、 B 、 C 三(san)(san)相绕组。之(zhi)所以重申这一(yi)点(dian)，是(shi)因为(wei)很多人容易被这里(li)绕晕了(le)。
380V是工(gong)业用(yong)(yong)电(dian)电(dian)压，220V是家庭用(yong)(yong)电(dian)电(dian)压。如果铭(ming)牌上标(biao)着电(dian)压220/380V，接(jie)(jie)法△／Y，是告知(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)者该电(dian)动机可(ke)以在三相220V电(dian)源条件下接(jie)(jie)成三角接(jie)(jie)法，在三相380V的(de)电(dian)源条件下以星形接(jie)(jie)法使(shi)用(yong)(yong)，适(shi)应两种(zhong)不同(tong)的(de)电(dian)压。
如果电(dian)源电(dian)压是220V，就应接成(cheng)三(san)角形(xing)。如误接成(cheng)星形(xing)，就会(hui)(hui)使(shi)接到每相(xiang)绕(rao)组上(shang)的电(dian)压由220V下降到220/√3=127V，电(dian)动(dong)机就会(hui)(hui)因电(dian)压太低起(qi)动(dong)不起(qi)来，如仍承受额定负(fu)载(zai)，就容易造成(cheng)过载(zai)烧毁。
如果电(dian)(dian)源电(dian)(dian)压是380V，就应接(jie)成星形，如误接(jie)成三角形，每(mei)相绕组(zu)就会承(cheng)受380V的电(dian)(dian)压而造成定(ding)子电(dian)(dian)流增大烧毁绕组(zu)。所(suo)以(yi)正(zheng)(zheng)确(que)的接(jie)线方式，应能使电(dian)(dian)动(dong)机在(zai)正(zheng)(zheng)常工作时(shi)，所(suo)承(cheng)受的电(dian)(dian)源电(dian)(dian)压必(bi)须等于(yu)或(huo)接(jie)近(jin)于(yu)电(dian)(dian)动(dong)机的额(e)定(ding)电(dian)(dian)压。
380V的接(jie)(jie)线(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)，有(you)三根(gen)相线(xian)(xian)(xian)，没有(you)零线(xian)(xian)(xian)，全是火线(xian)(xian)(xian)，我们已经在上(shang)面(mian)说明了它的接(jie)(jie)线(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。家(jia)庭220V的则有(you)两根(gen)线(xian)(xian)(xian)，一根(gen)火线(xian)(xian)(xian)，一根(gen)零线(xian)(xian)(xian)，它怎么接(jie)(jie)到接(jie)(jie)线(xian)(xian)(xian)盒中的三根(gen)接(jie)(jie)线(xian)(xian)(xian)柱上(shang)呢？或者怎么让电(dian)机(ji)动起来呢？给大家(jia)分享(xiang)两种方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。
变频(pin)器(qi)控制电机(ji)使用起来很(hen)(hen)方便而且可以设置的(de)很(hen)(hen)智能，现在市场(chang)上(shang)有(you)很(hen)(hen)多单相输(shu)入(ru)变为三相输(shu)出的(de)变频(pin)器(qi)。下面(mian)仅(jin)提供(gong)两张(zhang)参考图(tu)，大家一看便懂(dong)。
220V输(shu)入转(zhuan)380V输(shu)出变频器
另一种单相变频(pin)器实物(wu)接线示意图
电机三相供(gong)电改为两相供(gong)电
单相电(dian)(dian)动(dong)(dong)(dong)机工作原(yuan)理：两个在空间互差90度(du)(du)电(dian)(dian)角度(du)(du)的绕组，产生(sheng)(sheng)的磁通轴线(xian)在空间也互差90度(du)(du)电(dian)(dian)角度(du)(du)，再通以不(bu)同(tong)相位的电(dian)(dian)流就(jiu)能产生(sheng)(sheng)二(er)相旋转(zhuan)磁场，从(cong)而(er)能产生(sheng)(sheng)启动(dong)(dong)(dong)转(zhuan)矩使电(dian)(dian)动(dong)(dong)(dong)机动(dong)(dong)(dong)起来。
1、改时三(san)(san)相(xiang)绕组的(de)连接(jie)(jie)方(fang)法不动，即(ji)原为(wei)星(xing)接(jie)(jie)的(de)还为(wei)星(xing)接(jie)(jie)，原为(wei)角(jiao)接(jie)(jie)的(de)还为(wei)角(jiao)接(jie)(jie)。原与三(san)(san)相(xiang)电(dian)机(ji)相(xiang)接(jie)(jie)的(de)三(san)(san)个(ge)出(chu)线端(duan)中的(de)任意两个(ge)分别与电(dian)源两端(duan)（L—火线，N—零线）相(xiang)接(jie)(jie)，剩(sheng)余一个(ge)先于(yu)电(dian)容器相(xiang)接(jie)(jie)。
2、电容(rong)器的(de)另一端与(yu)(yu)电源的(de)一端相接(jie)，与(yu)(yu)火(huo)线相接(jie)还是与(yu)(yu)零线相接(jie)，要看需要的(de)转向(xiang)而定，不同(tong)的(de)接(jie)法(fa)转向(xiang)是不同(tong)的(de)。上图中(zhong)也分别(bie)展示(shi)了(le)不同(tong)接(jie)法(fa)下的(de)，实现电机正反转接(jie)法(fa)。
单(dan)相输(shu)入实现电(dian)机(ji)正反转接法
因此(ci)，如图中(zhong)所示(shi)，我(wo)们将(jiang)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)动(dong)机中(zhong)任意二(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)绕(rao)组(zu)串(chuan)联起来作(zuo)为(wei)主绕(rao)组(zu)，另一相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)绕(rao)组(zu)串(chuan)联上适当(dang)的电(dian)容作(zuo)为(wei)副绕(rao)组(zu)，将(jiang)它们接在同一单相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)源上，就会和单相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)机一样产生二(er)(er)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)旋(xuan)转(zhuan)磁场(chang)，产生起动(dong)转(zhuan)矩。
三相电机(ji)Y改(gai)单相△实物(wu)接(jie)线图
1，电容(rong)容(rong)量的计算方法
启(qi)动电(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)和运行(xing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的计算公(gong)式(shi)(shi)，运行(xing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的公(gong)式(shi)(shi)：C=1950I/Ucosφ，C为运行(xing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)（uf-微(wei)法） I是(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)机(ji)额(e)定电(dian)(dian)(dian)流值（A）U是(shi)额(e)定电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya),既然我们这(zhei)里是(shi)改单(dan)相运行(xing)，所以额(e)定电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)取值是(shi)220伏。cosφ是(shi)功率(lv)因数，很多电(dian)(dian)(dian)机(ji)上都有标注，启(qi)动电(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)一般(ban)是(shi)运行(xing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的1--4倍。
2，电容容量的经验公式
100W功率对应7微(wei)法的容(rong)量，也就是说，1KW的电机(ji)用70微(wei)法左右的电容(rong)就可(ke)(ke)以。这个数值只是个大约数，可(ke)(ke)以根(gen)据自(zi)己的负载情况进行调整(zheng)。
只(zhi)建议(yi)改1.5KW以下的(de)电(dian)机(ji)，改过以后功(gong)率会衰减(jian)，不能带重型负载，如果功(gong)率稍大于1.5KW，需要(yao)再加(jia)一(yi)个启(qi)动电(dian)容。
联(lian)系(xi)方式：邹先生
联系电(dian)话：0755-83888366-8022
手(shou)机：18123972950
QQ：2880195519
联系地址：深圳市福田区车公(gong)庙天安数码城(cheng)天吉大厦CD座5C1
请(qing)搜微(wei)信公众号:“KIA半导体”或扫(sao)一扫(sao)下图“关注”官方微(wei)信公众号
请“关(guan)注”官(guan)方微信公(gong)众(zhong)号:提(ti)供(gong) MOS管 技术帮助(zhu)
