逆变器工作原理

逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)是一(yi)种由(you)半导体器(qi)(qi)(qi)件组成的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)力调(diao)整装置，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)用于把(ba)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)力转(zhuan)换成交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)力。由(you)升压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路以及逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)桥式(shi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路构成。升压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路把(ba)太阳(yang)电(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)升压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)到逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)输(shu)(shu)(shu)出控制所需的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)；逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)桥式(shi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路则(ze)把(ba)升压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)等价地转(zhuan)换成常用频(pin)(pin)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)由(you)晶体管等开(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)元(yuan)件构成，通过有规则(ze)地让(rang)开(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)元(yuan)件重复开(kai)(kai)-关(guan)(guan)（ON-OFF），由(you)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)变(bian)(bian)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)输(shu)(shu)(shu)出。当然，这样(yang)单(dan)纯地由(you)开(kai)(kai)和关(guan)(guan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)路产生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)输(shu)(shu)(shu)出波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)形并不实(shi)用。一(yi)般需要(yao)采(cai)用高(gao)频(pin)(pin)脉宽调(diao)制，使靠近正(zheng)弦波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)两(liang)端的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)宽度变(bian)(bian)狭(xia)，正(zheng)弦波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)中央的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)宽度变(bian)(bian)宽，并在半周期内始终让(rang)开(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)元(yuan)件按一(yi)定频(pin)(pin)率(lv)朝一(yi)方向(xiang)动作，这样(yang)形成一(yi)个脉冲波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)列（拟正(zheng)弦波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)）。然后(hou)让(rang)脉冲波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)通过简单(dan)的(de)(de)(de)滤波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)形成正(zheng)弦波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)。

逆(ni)变器(qi)不仅具有直流(liu)电(dian)(dian)交(jiao)流(liu)变换(huan)功能(neng)，还具有最大限度地发挥太(tai)阳(yang)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)性能(neng)的功能(neng)和系(xi)统故障保护功能(neng)。

1、自动运行和(he)停(ting)机功能(neng)

早晨日出(chu)后，太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)(yang)辐(fu)射强度逐渐增强，太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)(yang)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)输(shu)(shu)出(chu)也(ye)随之(zhi)增大(da)(da)，当达到(dao)(dao)逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)工作所(suo)需的(de)输(shu)(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率后，逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)即自动开(kai)始运行(xing)。进入(ru)运行(xing)后，逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)便时时刻刻监视太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)(yang)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)组(zu)件(jian)的(de)输(shu)(shu)出(chu)，只要太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)(yang)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)组(zu)件(jian)的(de)输(shu)(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率大(da)(da)于逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)工作所(suo)需的(de)输(shu)(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率，逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)就持续运行(xing)；直(zhi)到(dao)(dao)日落停机(ji)，即使阴雨天逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)也(ye)能运行(xing)。当太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)(yang)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)组(zu)件(jian)输(shu)(shu)出(chu)变(bian)(bian)小(xiao)，逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)输(shu)(shu)出(chu)接近0时，逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)便形(xing)成(cheng)待机(ji)状态。

2、最大功(gong)(gong)率跟踪(zong)控制功(gong)(gong)能(neng)

太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)(yang)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)组(zu)(zu)件(jian)的输(shu)出(chu)是(shi)随太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)(yang)辐(fu)射(she)强度和太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)(yang)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)组(zu)(zu)件(jian)自身温度（芯(xin)片温度）而(er)变化(hua)的。另(ling)外由于太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)(yang)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)组(zu)(zu)件(jian)具有(you)电(dian)压(ya)随电(dian)流增(zeng)大(da)(da)而(er)下(xia)降的特性，因此存在能(neng)(neng)获取最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)的最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)佳(jia)工作(zuo)点(dian)(dian)。太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)(yang)辐(fu)射(she)强度是(shi)变化(hua)着(zhe)的，显然最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)佳(jia)工作(zuo)点(dian)(dian)也是(shi)在变化(hua)的。相对于这(zhei)些变化(hua)，始终让太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)(yang)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)组(zu)(zu)件(jian)的工作(zuo)点(dian)(dian)处于最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)点(dian)(dian)，系统(tong)始终从太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)(yang)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)组(zu)(zu)件(jian)获取最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)输(shu)出(chu)，这(zhei)种控(kong)制(zhi)就(jiu)是(shi)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)跟踪控(kong)制(zhi)。太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)发电(dian)系统(tong)用的逆变器的最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)特点(dian)(dian)就(jiu)是(shi)包括(kuo)了最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)点(dian)(dian)跟踪这(zhei)一功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)。

1.直(zhi)流电可以通过震荡电路变为交流电

2.得(de)到的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)电(dian)再通过(guo)线圈升压（这时得(de)到的(de)是方形波的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)电(dian)）

3.对得到的交流电进行整流得到正弦波

AC-DC就(jiu)比较简单了 我们(men)知道二(er)极管有(you)单向导电性(xing)

可以用(yong)(yong)二(er)极管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)这(zhei)(zhei)一(yi)(yi)特性连成一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)电(dian)桥让一(yi)(yi)端始(shi)终(zhong)是(shi)(shi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) 另一(yi)(yi)端始(shi)终(zhong)是(shi)(shi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)这(zhei)(zhei)就得(de)到(dao)了电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)正弦变(bian)(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian) 如(ru)果需要平滑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)还需要进行整流(liu)(liu)(liu)   简单的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法就是(shi)(shi)连接一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)电(dian)容Inverter是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)种DC to AC的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)变(bian)(bian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)器，它其(qi)实与Adapter是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)种电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)逆变(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)过程(cheng)。Adapter是(shi)(shi)将(jiang)市(shi)电(dian)电(dian)网(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)转变(bian)(bian)为稳定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)12V直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)输出，而Inverter是(shi)(shi)将(jiang)Adapter输出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)12V直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)转变(bian)(bian)为高频的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高压(ya)(ya)(ya)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)；两个(ge)(ge)部分(fen)同样都采用(yong)(yong)了目前用(yong)(yong)得(de)比较(jiao)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脉宽调(diao)制(zhi)(zhi)（PWM）技术(shu)。其(qi)核(he)心(xin)部分(fen)都是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)PWM集成控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器，Adapter用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)UC3842，Inverter则采用(yong)(yong)TL5001芯片。TL5001的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)范围(wei)3.6～40V，其(qi)内部设有一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)误差放大器，一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)调(diao)节器、振荡器、有死区控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)PWM发生(sheng)器、低压(ya)(ya)(ya)保护回路及短路保护回路等。

逆变器工作原(yuan)理(li)进行(xing)简要介绍：

输入接口部分：

输入部分有3个信(xin)号(hao)(hao)，12V直(zhi)流(liu)输入VIN、工(gong)作使能电(dian)压ENB及Panel电(dian)流(liu)控制信(xin)号(hao)(hao)DIM。VIN由(you)Adapter提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)，ENB电(dian)压由(you)主板上(shang)的(de)MCU提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)，其值为0或3V，当ENB=0时(shi)，Inverter不工(gong)作，而ENB=3V时(shi)，Inverter处于正常工(gong)作状态；而DIM电(dian)压由(you)主板提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)，其变化范围在0～5V之间，将不同的(de)DIM值反馈给PWM控制器反馈端，Inverter向(xiang)负载提(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)的(de)电(dian)流(liu)也将不同，DIM值越小，Inverter输出的(de)电(dian)流(liu)就越大。

电压启动回路：

ENB为高电平时，输出高压去点亮Panel的背光灯灯管。

PWM控制器：

有以(yi)下几(ji)个功能(neng)组(zu)成(cheng)：内部(bu)参考电(dian)压(ya)、误差放大器、振荡器和PWM、过压(ya)保(bao)(bao)护、欠压(ya)保(bao)(bao)护、短路保(bao)(bao)护、输出晶体管。

直流变换：

由MOS开关(guan)管和(he)储(chu)能电(dian)(dian)(dian)感组成电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)变换电(dian)(dian)(dian)路，输入的脉冲经过推挽(wan)放大器(qi)放大后驱(qu)动(dong)MOS管做开关(guan)动(dong)作，使得(de)直流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)对(dui)电(dian)(dian)(dian)感进(jin)行充放电(dian)(dian)(dian)，这样电(dian)(dian)(dian)感的另一端就能得(de)到交流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)。

LC振荡及输出回路：

保证灯(deng)管(guan)启(qi)动(dong)需要的1600V电压，并在灯(deng)管(guan)启(qi)动(dong)以后将电压降至800V。

输出电压反馈：

当负载工作(zuo)时，反馈(kui)采样电压(ya)，起到稳定(ding)Inventer电压(ya)输出的(de)作(zuo)用。

其(qi)实你可以想象一(yi)下了.都有(you)那些(xie)电(dian)(dian)子元件(jian)需(xu)要(yao)正负(fu)极(ji),电(dian)(dian)阻,电(dian)(dian)感一(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)不(bu)需(xu)要(yao).二极(ji)管(guan)(guan)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)坏的(de)可能就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)被(bei)击穿只要(yao)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)正常一(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)是(shi)(shi)没有(you)问题的(de),三极(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)话(hua)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)会导通的(de).稳(wen)压(ya)管(guan)(guan)如果(guo)正负(fu)接反的(de)话(hua)就(jiu)会损坏了,但一(yi)般(ban)(ban)(ban)有(you)的(de)电(dian)(dian)路加了保护(hu)(hu)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)利用二极(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)单向(xiang)导通来保护(hu)(hu).在就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)电(dian)(dian)容了,电(dian)(dian)容里有(you)正负(fu)之分的(de)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)电(dian)(dian)解电(dian)(dian)容了,如果(guo)正负(fu)接反严重的(de)话(hua)其(qi)外壳发生爆裂.

主(zhu)要元(yuan)件二极管.开关管振荡(dang)变压器.取(qu)样.调宽管.还有振荡(dang)回路(lu)电(dian)阻电(dian)容(rong)等参开关电(dian)路(lu)原理(li).

逆变器的(de)主功率(lv)元件(jian)的(de)选择至关(guan)重要，目前使(shi)用(yong)较(jiao)多的(de)功率(lv)元件(jian)有(you)达林顿功率(lv)晶(jing)体管（BJT），功率(lv)场(chang)效(xiao)应管（MOSFET），绝缘(yuan)栅晶(jing)体管（IGBT）和(he)可关(guan) 断晶(jing)闸管（GTO）等，在(zai)小(xiao)容量(liang)低压系(xi)(xi)(xi)统(tong)中使(shi)用(yong)较(jiao)多的(de)器件(jian)为(wei)MOSFET，因为(wei)MOSFET具有(you)较(jiao)低的(de)通(tong)态压降(jiang)和(he)较(jiao)高(gao)的(de)开关(guan)频率(lv)，在(zai)高(gao)压大容量(liang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)统(tong)中一般 均采用(yong)IGBT模(mo)块，这是(shi)因为(wei)MOSFET随着电压的(de)升(sheng)高(gao)其(qi)通(tong)态电阻也随之增(zeng)大，而IGBT在(zai)中容量(liang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)统(tong)中占有(you)较(jiao)大的(de)优(you)势，而在(zai)特(te)大容量(liang)（100KVA以 上）系(xi)(xi)(xi)统(tong)中，一般均采用(yong)GTO作为(wei)功率(lv)元件(jian) .

大件：场(chang)效应管或(huo)IGBT、变压器、电容(rong)、二(er)极管、比较器以及3525之(zhi)类的(de)主控。交直交逆变还(hai)有整(zheng)流滤(lv)波。

功率大小和精度(du)，关系(xi)着电(dian)路的复杂程度(du)。

IGBT（绝缘栅双(shuang)极晶体管）作(zuo)为新型(xing)电(dian)力半(ban)导体场(chang)控(kong)自关(guan)断器件(jian)，集功率MOSFET的(de)高速性能与(yu)双(shuang)极性器件(jian)的(de)低(di)(di)电(dian)阻于一体，具有输入(ru)阻抗(kang)高，电(dian)压(ya)控(kong)制(zhi)功耗低(di)(di)，控(kong)制(zhi)电(dian)路简单，耐(nai)高压(ya)，承受电(dian)流大等特性，在各(ge)(ge)种电(dian)力变换(huan)中获得(de)极广泛(fan)的(de)应用(yong)。与(yu)此同时(shi)，各(ge)(ge)大半(ban)导体生(sheng)产厂商不断开(kai)发IGBT的(de)高耐(nai)压(ya)、大电(dian)流、高速、低(di)(di)饱和压(ya)降、高可靠性、低(di)(di)成本技术，主(zhu)要(yao)采(cai)用(yong)1um以下制(zhi)作(zuo)工艺，研制(zhi)开(kai)发取(qu)得(de)一些新进展。

1、全(quan)控(kong)型逆变器(qi)工(gong)作原理

为(wei)通常使用(yong)的单相(xiang)输出的全(quan)桥逆变主电(dian)路，交(jiao)流元件采(cai)用(yong)IGBT管Q11、Q12、Q13、Q14。并由(you)PWM脉宽调制控制IGBT管的导通或截(jie)止。

当逆(ni)变器电(dian)(dian)(dian)路接上直流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)源后，先(xian)由(you)Q11、Q14导通，Q1、Q13截止(zhi)，则(ze)电(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)由(you)直流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)源正(zheng)极(ji)输出(chu)，经(jing)Q11、L或感、变压(ya)(ya)(ya)器初(chu)级线(xian)圈图1-2，到(dao)Q14回到(dao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)源负(fu)极(ji)。当Q11、Q14截止(zhi)后，Q12、Q13导通，电(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)从电(dian)(dian)(dian)源正(zheng)极(ji)经(jing)Q13、变压(ya)(ya)(ya)器初(chu)级线(xian)圈2-1电(dian)(dian)(dian)感到(dao)Q12回到(dao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)源负(fu)极(ji)。此时，在(zai)变压(ya)(ya)(ya)器初(chu)级线(xian)圈上，已(yi)形(xing)(xing)成正(zheng)负(fu)交(jiao)变方波(bo)(bo)，利用高频PWM控制，两对IGBT管交(jiao)替重复，在(zai)变压(ya)(ya)(ya)器上产生交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)。由(you)于LC交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)滤波(bo)(bo)器作用，使输出(chu)端形(xing)(xing)成正(zheng)弦波(bo)(bo)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)。

当Q11、Q14关(guan)断时，为了(le)释放储存能量(liang)，在IGBT处(chu)并联二(er)级管D11、D12，使能量(liang)返回到直(zhi)流电(dian)源中(zhong)去。

2、半控型逆变器工作原理

半控型逆变(bian)器(qi)采(cai)用晶(jing)闸管元件。Th1、Th2为交替(ti)(ti)工作的(de)(de)晶(jing)闸管，设Th1先(xian)触(chu)发(fa)导(dao)通(tong)，则电(dian)流(liu)通(tong)过(guo)变(bian)压(ya)器(qi)流(liu)经(jing)Th1，同(tong)时(shi)由于变(bian)压(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)感应作用，换(huan)向(xiang)电(dian)容(rong)器(qi)C被充电(dian)到(dao)大的(de)(de)2倍的(de)(de)电(dian)源电(dian)压(ya)。按着(zhe)Th2被触(chu)发(fa)导(dao)通(tong)，因Th2的(de)(de)阳极加反向(xiang)偏压(ya)，Th1截止，返回阻断状态。这样，Th1与Th2换(huan)流(liu)，然后电(dian)容(rong)器(qi)C又(you)反极性充电(dian)。如此交替(ti)(ti)触(chu)发(fa)晶(jing)闸管，电(dian)流(liu)交替(ti)(ti)流(liu)向(xiang)变(bian)压(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)初级(ji)，在变(bian)压(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)次级(ji)得到(dao)交流(liu)电(dian)。

在电路(lu)中，电感L可以限制换(huan)向电容(rong)C的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)电电流，延长放(fang)电时间(jian)(jian)，保证电路(lu)关断(duan)时间(jian)(jian)大于晶(jing)闸管的(de)(de)(de)关断(duan)时间(jian)(jian)，而(er)不(bu)需容(rong)量(liang)很大的(de)(de)(de)电容(rong)器。D1和D2是2只反(fan)馈二极管，可将(jiang)电感L中的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)释(shi)放(fang)，将(jiang)换(huan)向剩(sheng)余的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)送回(hui)电源(yuan)，完成(cheng)能(neng)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)馈作(zuo)用(yong)。

相关搜索：

逆变器场效应管

光伏逆变器(qi)组件

太阳能逆变器

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