20种(zhong)摩(mo)托车充电(dian)(dian)器(qi)电(dian)(dian)路图 摩(mo)托车充电(dian)(dian)器(qi)电(dian)(dian)路图大全解析 KIA MOS管
信息来源：本站 日期：2018-05-08
有些摩友会好奇“电(dian)路图”对摩托车维修和(he)改装(zhuang)而言，能起到什么作用？它(ta)能(neng)(neng)让我(wo)们(men)充分了解摩托车(che)电(dian)(dian)子部件(jian)的(de)(de)种类、性能(neng)(neng)、特(te)征、特(te)性以(yi)及在(zai)电(dian)(dian)路中的(de)(de)符号、在(zai)电(dian)(dian)路中的(de)(de)作用和功能(neng)(neng)等，懂得哪些参数会对(dui)电(dian)(dian)路性能(neng)(neng)和功能(neng)(neng)产生什(shen)么样的(de)(de)影响，为进一步熟悉了解“摩托车(che)电(dian)(dian)气部件(jian)”奠定了良好的(de)(de)基础，也(ye)就(jiu)更容易深化自己对(dui)摩托车(che)整车(che)控制性能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)认知(zhi)。
摩托车充(chong)(chong)电电路图该(gai)充(chong)(chong)电器只利用了交流(liu)电的(de)正半周充(chong)(chong)电，充(chong)(chong)电速度较(jiao)快，且能延(yan)长电池寿命，在(zai)普通的(de)么(me)托车上(shang)使(shi)用该(gai)充(chong)(chong)电器，性能极好，可省(sheng)燃(ran)油(you)5%左右，是一个实用的(de)充(chong)(chong)电电路，此充(chong)(chong)电器的(de)作者正在(zai)使(shi)用中(zhong)。
工作(zuo)原理：（如上(shang)(shang)图）交流(liu)电压(ya)(ya)同时加到D1和SCR，经(jing)过(guo)(guo)D1的半波整(zheng)流(liu)后通R1、R2、Q1、R3向SCR提供(gong)触发电压(ya)(ya)，此时SCR给(ji)电池充电，当(dang)电池电压(ya)(ya)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)至13.5V时ZD1导通，电压(ya)(ya)经(jing)过(guo)(guo)R5、D2向Q2提供(gong)偏(pian)压(ya)(ya)，使Q2导通，Q1反(fan)偏(pian)截(jie)止，SCR停止输出，当(dang)电池电压(ya)(ya)低(di)于13-13.5V时。
充电(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)路特(te)点(dian):本充电(dian)(dian)器(qi)直接使用220V交流(liu)市电(dian)(dian)，通过触发电(dian)(dian)路的(de)控制，实现其输出电(dian)(dian)压从0V起调，适合于(yu)对 12V－220V的(de)蓄电(dian)(dian)池(chi)（组）充电(dian)(dian)。
工作原理 ：电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)工作原理见图1。由(you)电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、触(chu)发(fa)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)和(he)主控(kong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)三(san)部分组成(cheng)。220V市电(dian)(dian)(dian)经(jing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)开关S－S'、电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)变压(ya)(ya)(ya)器T1降压(ya)(ya)(ya)后，由(you)二(er)(er)极管(guan)VD1－VD4组成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全波(bo)(bo)整(zheng)流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)整(zheng)流(liu)，变为脉(mai)动直流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。一路(lu)(lu)(lu)经(jing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R1限(xian)流(liu)和(he)稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)二(er)(er)极管(guan)DW稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)，输送约18V的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)梯形(xing)波(bo)(bo)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步(bu)稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，作为时基集成(cheng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)NE555及其外围元(yuan)件(jian)构成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)无稳(wen)(wen)态振荡(dang)器RC延时环节(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)；另一路(lu)(lu)(lu)经(jing)过三(san)端(duan)稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)集成(cheng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)IC1 AN7812送出12V稳(wen)(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)梯形(xing)波(bo)(bo)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步(bu)稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)IC2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。触(chu)发(fa)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)由(you)IC2 NE555及R2、R3、RP、C1、C2等元(yuan)件(jian)构成(cheng)，振荡(dang)周期小于10ms固定(ding)不(bu)变，仅可改变输出矩形(xing)波(bo)(bo)占空比的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)无稳(wen)(wen)态振荡(dang)器和(he)R4、脉(mai)冲变压(ya)(ya)(ya)器T2形(xing)成(cheng)触(chu)发(fa)脉(mai)冲。振荡(dang)器之(zhi)所以采(cai)用(yong)18V和(he)12V两路(lu)(lu)(lu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步(bu)稳(wen)(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是增大输出矩形(xing)波(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占空比，即(ji)增大触(chu)发(fa)脉(mai)冲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)移相范围。本触(chu)发(fa)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)移相范围大于120°，调节(jie)电(dian)(dian)(dian)位器RP即(ji)可输出不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)触(chu)发(fa)角(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)触(chu)发(fa)脉(mai)冲，从而(er)达(da)到(dao)控(kong)制可控(kong)硅VS导(dao)通(tong)角(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。
摩(mo)(mo)托(tuo)(tuo)车(che)(che)尾(wei)牌(pai)(pai)加装的(de)霓虹灯(deng)闪光器电路图(tu)(tu)与工作原理：为(wei)摩(mo)(mo)托(tuo)(tuo)车(che)(che)尾(wei)牌(pai)(pai)加装如(ru)图(tu)(tu)所示(shi)的(de)霓虹灯(deng)闪光器，可(ke)以(yi)增加摩(mo)(mo)托(tuo)(tuo)车(che)(che)夜行时(shi)的(de)安全，引(yin)起尾(wei)随其后的(de)车(che)(che)辆(liang)注(zhu)意，同时(shi)它也可(ke)在(zai)摩(mo)(mo)托(tuo)(tuo)车(che)(che)刹(cha)车(che)(che)时(shi)随着尾(wei)灯(deng)而闪烁。该装置可(ke)取一(yi)段(duan)长(zhang)短(duan)恰能环(huan)绕车(che)(che)号牌(pai)(pai)一(yi)周的(de)霓虹灯(deng)管，作车(che)(che)牌(pai)(pai)的(de)夜行照(zhao)明显示(shi)。VT1、VT2构(gou)成一(yi)个互补(bu)型的(de)无(wu)稳(wen)态多谐(xie)振(zhen)荡器，BP1、C3决定了(le)振(zhen)荡器的(de)工作频率，RP2上的(de)信号电压经VT3放大推动升压变压器T，这样(yang)在(zai)T的(de)次级感应出高压脉冲而使霓虹灯(deng)发(fa)光。
元器(qi)件选(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)择：图中(zhong)除已标明的器(qi)件型号外，光敏电(dian)阻(zu)可选(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)M45系(xi)列，要求暗阻(zu)>1MΩ，而(er)亮阻(zu)<10kΩ；脉冲(chong)变(bian)压器(qi)T可选(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)取E12型磁(ci)芯MXQ-2000，初级(ji)用(yong)(yong)Φ0.51mm的漆(qi)包线(xian)绕(rao)45匝(za)，次级(ji)用(yong)(yong)Φ0.21mm的高强(qiang)度漆(qi)包线(xian)绕(rao)1500匝(za)左右而(er)成。若无(wu)绕(rao)制条件，也可用(yong)(yong)成品(pin)9V／3W以上(shang)的电(dian)源(yuan)变(bian)压器(qi)代用(yong)(yong)，将(jiang)其初次级(ji)反(fan)接，但(dan)使用(yong)(yong)效(xiao)果较之上(shang)述的专用(yong)(yong)高频变(bian)压器(qi)要差一些，这时(shi)还应选(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)取击穿电(dian)压在(zai)200V左右的霓虹(hong)灯(deng)管。
摩(mo)托车(che)变色闪光(guang)尾(wei)灯的电路如图所(suo)示。闪光(guang)尾(wei)灯由红(hong)(hong)、绿灯交(jiao)叉组成。正(zheng)常行驶时，红(hong)(hong)、绿灯按编程顺序流动发光(guang)。刹车(che)时，所(suo)有绿灯熄灭，而(er)所(suo)有红(hong)(hong)灯点亮。
摩托(tuo)车工(gong)具箱用(yong)LED闪(shan)烁板(ban)原理分析(xi)，当电源从1端接(jie)入时V2导通，IC2得电工(gong)作(zuo)。CD4017构成(cheng)六(liu)进(jin)计数器(qi)，其时钟(zhong)脉冲由IC1组成(cheng)的多(duo)谐振(zhen)荡(dang)器(qi)提供。由于2端没(mei)有(you)加电，V1截止使LED只受IC2控(kong)制(zhi)，闪(shan)光效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)为从中间向两边(bian)巡回(hui)点亮。振(zhen)荡(dang)频(pin)率由R2、R3、C3决定(ding)，闪(shan)烁较快。当电源由2端接(jie)入时，V2截止，V1导通，IC2不工(gong)作(zuo)，LED受IC1输出控(kong)制(zhi)。由于D3导通，IC1的振(zhen)荡(dang)频(pin)率由R2、R3、C2、C3决定(ding)，闪(shan)烁较慢。闪(shan)光效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)为整排(pai)LED一(yi)起(qi)亮。
工作(zuo)原理:为摩(mo)托车(che)尾牌(pai)加(jia)装如图所示(shi)的(de)霓(ni)虹灯(deng)闪光(guang)器(qi)，可以增加(jia)摩(mo)托车(che)夜行时的(de)安全，引起尾随(sui)其后(hou)的(de)车(che)辆注意，同时它也可在摩(mo)托车(che)刹车(che)时随(sui)着尾灯(deng)而闪烁。该装置可取(qu)一段长短恰能环绕车(che)号牌(pai)一周的(de)霓(ni)虹灯(deng)管，作(zuo)车(che)牌(pai)的(de)夜行照明(ming)显(xian)示(shi)。VT1、VT2构成一个互补型的(de)无(wu)稳(wen)态(tai)多谐(xie)振荡器(qi)，BP1、C3决定了振荡器(qi)的(de)工作(zuo)频率，RP2上的(de)信号电压经VT3放大推动升压变压器(qi)T，这(zhei)样在T的(de)次(ci)级感应出高压脉冲而使霓(ni)虹灯(deng)发光(guang)。
电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)原理如图所示:S1是电(dian)(dian)(dian)源开(kai)关(guan),由(you)(you)车(che)(che)锁控制(zhi),S2为原刹车(che)(che)灯控制(zhi)开(kai)关(guan)。闭(bi)合开(kai)关(guan)S1,由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)容C1两端的电(dian)(dian)(dian)压不(bu)能突变(bian),IC的②脚为低电(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping),刹车(che)(che)灯H亮,几(ji)秒(miao)钟后(hou),由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)C1被(bei)放电(dian)(dian)(dian),使IC的②脚电(dian)(dian)(dian)压高于(yu)(yu)1.6V时,灯H熄灭。当行驶中(zhong)的摩托车(che)(che)遇到情况减速或停车(che)(che)时,开(kai)关(guan)S2闭(bi)合将C1两端短路(lu)放电(dian)(dian)(dian),使开(kai)关(guan)IC的②脚变(bian)成低电(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping),刹车(che)(che)灯H随即被(bei)点亮,S2复(fu)位后(hou),H须(xu)延(yan)时几(ji)秒(miao)钟后(hou)才(cai)能熄灭。
摩托车防盗报警(jing)器原理图中(zhong)一个555集成电(dian)路在单稳(wen)态定(ding)时(shi)器电(dian)路相(xiang)连，它在一段预设的时(shi)间(jian)段内开(kai)启了(le)场(chang)效应晶(jing)体管(guan)和警(jing)报器或自行车喇(la)叭圈。开(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)S1是(shi)用作开(kai)启/关(guan)(guan)(guan)闭(bi)开(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)。无(wu)论关(guan)(guan)(guan)闭(bi)两个开(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)的任何(he)一个，S2和S3，都将(jiang)会触发(fa)集成电(dian)路。当任何(he)一个关(guan)(guan)(guan)闭(bi)的时(shi)候(hou)，UI的引脚2变低电(dian)平。
发(fa)(fa)射(she)机(ji)(ji)部(bu)分：继电(dian)(dian)器K和可控硅VS用来控制(zhi)发(fa)(fa)射(she)机(ji)(ji)电(dian)(dian)路的(de)电(dian)(dian)源。IC1组(zu)成(cheng)警(jing)声(sheng)信(xin)号(hao)电(dian)(dian)路。晶体管V及(ji)其(qi)(qi)外围元件(jian)组(zu)成(cheng)射(she)频(pin)振荡电(dian)(dian)路，发(fa)(fa)射(she)报警(jing)信(xin)号(hao)。在(zai)等待状态时，开(kai)(kai)(kai)关S1接(jie)通(tong)，而SB1断(duan)开(kai)(kai)(kai)（即车(che)头(tou)锁被(bei)锁住），K就处在(zai)释放状态，报警(jing)发(fa)(fa)射(she)机(ji)(ji)不工作(zuo)(zuo)。当(dang)车(che)头(tou)锁被(bei)打开(kai)(kai)(kai)时（即SB1接(jie)通(tong)），VS被(bei)触发(fa)(fa)导(dao)通(tong)，K吸合，接(jie)通(tong)发(fa)(fa)射(she)机(ji)(ji)电(dian)(dian)源。SB1接(jie)通(tong)后，K－2的(de)常开(kai)(kai)(kai)点将其(qi)(qi)自锁，此时只有断(duan)开(kai)(kai)(kai)S1报警(jing)方能结(jie)束(shu)。在(zai)K动作(zuo)(zuo)时，其(qi)(qi)常闭触点K－l断(duan)开(kai)(kai)(kai)，切(qie)断(duan)发(fa)(fa)动机(ji)(ji)点火电(dian)(dian)路。接(jie)收机(ji)(ji)电(dian)(dian)路由(you)TDA7010和开(kai)(kai)(kai)关功放TWH8778、TWH68组(zu)成(cheng)。当(dang)IC2 收到(dao)报警(jing)信(xin)号(hao)时其(qi)(qi)互脚的(de)高(gao)电(dian)(dian)平通(tong)过IC3经IC4放大由(you)TWH15放出报警(jing)声(sheng)。但(dan)要考虑到(dao)频(pin)率的(de)稳(wen)(wen)定性，因为7010自身没有频(pin)率稳(wen)(wen)定电(dian)(dian)路，在(zai)工作(zuo)(zuo)时要多作(zuo)(zuo)检(jian)测，最好用印(yin)制(zhi)板和贴片元件(jian)。
本(ben)装(zhuang)置电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)如图(tu)所示(shi)。磁电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机输(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)经二极(ji)管(guan)(guan)Ｄ１～Ｄ６整流(liu)(liu)后变成脉动直流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)分(fen)两路(lu)(lu)输(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)。一路(lu)(lu)由(you)Ｑ１、Ｑ２、Ｑ３、Ｒ１、Ｒ７、ＤＷ１，以(yi)及Ｃ２组成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型(xing)晶体(ti)管(guan)(guan)串联(lian)稳压(ya)(ya)(ya)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)稳压(ya)(ya)(ya)后输(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)１６Ｖ电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)，经Ｄ８给蓄(xu)(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；另一路(lu)(lu)经Ｄ７隔离(li)后由(you)Ｃ１滤(lv)波、ＩＣ１稳压(ya)(ya)(ya)得到１２Ｖ直流(liu)(liu)稳定电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)对(dui)运(yun)算(suan)放大(da)(da)器(qi)(qi)ＩＣ２供(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并(bing)且经电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻Ｒ６接至(zhi)(zhi)ＩＣ２的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)②脚(jiao)(jiao)作基(ji)准电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)，蓄(xu)(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)经Ｒ４、Ｒ５分(fen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)后送至(zhi)(zhi)ＩＣ２的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)③脚(jiao)(jiao)作为(wei)比(bi)较电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)。当(dang)(dang)蓄(xu)(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)低于(yu)(yu)１４。４Ｖ时(shi)(shi)，加(jia)至(zhi)(zhi)ＩＣ２③脚(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)较电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)比(bi)②脚(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)１２Ｖ基(ji)准电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)低，运(yun)算(suan)放大(da)(da)器(qi)(qi)输(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)低电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平，Ｑ４截止(zhi)，Ｑ１～Ｑ３正常(chang)工作输(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)１６Ｖ电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)。当(dang)(dang)蓄(xu)(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)高于(yu)(yu)１４。４Ｖ时(shi)(shi)，ＩＣ２的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)③脚(jiao)(jiao)比(bi)较电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)高于(yu)(yu)②脚(jiao)(jiao)基(ji)准电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)，ＩＣ２输(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)高电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平，Ｑ４饱和导通，分(fen)流(liu)(liu)掉流(liu)(liu)入Ｑ３基(ji)极(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，从而造成Ｑ１Ｑ２的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)输(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)大(da)(da)幅下降，Ｄ８截止(zhi)，停(ting)止(zhi)向蓄(xu)(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和向电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)供(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。此(ci)时(shi)(shi)，车上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)均由(you)蓄(xu)(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)供(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。当(dang)(dang)蓄(xu)(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)再次低于(yu)(yu)１４。４Ｖ时(shi)(shi)，则(ze)ＩＣ２又(you)输(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)低电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平，Ｑ１、Ｑ２又(you)正常(chang)输(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)。显然，当(dang)(dang)蓄(xu)(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充满电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)(shi)，磁电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机几乎工作在空载状(zhuang)态，而不(bu)像常(chang)规的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)整流(liu)(liu)稳压(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)那样处于(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)负荷短路(lu)(lu)状(zhuang)态，这就达到了节能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)Ｒ３为(wei)ＩＣ２的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正反馈电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，Ｒ７用于(yu)(yu)在Ｑ１Ｑ２截止(zhi)时(shi)(shi)给蓄(xu)(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)进行(xing)涓流(liu)(liu)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，Ｄ９的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用是保证某些(xie)运(yun)算(suan)放大(da)(da)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微量零(ling)漂输(shu)(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)不(bu)至(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)导致Ｑ４导通，而产生误动作。
此6v转(zhuan)12v电(dian)路(lu)是一个简单(dan)的(de)(de)电(dian)路(lu)图，可(ke)以提供(gong)高达800mA 12V电(dian)源。适用(yong)于摩托车音响等简单(dan)的(de)(de)电(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)。通过修改电(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)一些元件，可(ke)以改变不(bu)同的(de)(de)输出(chu)电(dian)压。
1、L1电感为(wei)直径为(wei)0.5mm漆包线,80匝，外径40毫米环形(xing)磁(ci)芯。
2、D3的(de)值不(bu)(bu)同(tong)可以被用来调整从(cong)约0.6V至30V的(de)左(zuo)右(you)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)输(shu)出电压。请(qing)注意，在高电压的(de)电路可能电流提供(gong)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)。
3、C3可用一个较大的(de)值，以提供(gong)更好的(de)滤波。
电(dian)(dian)路中与(yu)非门A2A、A2B和(he)电(dian)(dian)阻R1及C3组(zu)成高(gao)(gao)频(pin)振(zhen)荡器，其输(shu)出接(jie)(jie)在V2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)极(ji)；A2C、A2D、R2、C4组(zu)成低(di)频(pin)振(zhen)荡器，控制与(yu)非门A2A的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一个(ge)输(shu)入端1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)平。当低(di)频(pin)振(zhen)荡器输(shu)出端10脚(jiao)为高(gao)(gao)电(dian)(dian)平时(shi)(shi)，A2A打(da)开(kai)，高(gao)(gao)频(pin)振(zhen)荡器起振(zhen)，A2A信号加在V2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)极(ji)，使(shi)其工作在开(kai)关状(zhuang)态。V2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)发(fa)射极(ji)接(jie)(jie)到高(gao)(gao)频(pin)变(bian)(bian)压器T的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一次(ci)线圈，在其二(er)次(ci)侧产生(sheng)一系列高(gao)(gao)频(pin)脉冲信号。该信号触发(fa)双向(xiang)(xiang)晶闸管V3导通。当低(di)频(pin)振(zhen)荡器输(shu)出端为低(di)电(dian)(dian)平时(shi)(shi)，A2A的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)输(shu)出端3为高(gao)(gao)电(dian)(dian)平，V2、V3截(jie)止。当低(di)频(pin)振(zhen)荡器输(shu)出端又(you)变(bian)(bian)为高(gao)(gao)电(dian)(dian)平时(shi)(shi)，V3又(you)变(bian)(bian)为导通。这样(yang)周而复始(shi)地振(zhen)荡下去(qu)，V3将断(duan)续导通。如(ru)转(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)开(kai)关S打(da)到左（L）或(huo)右(you)（R）位(wei)置时(shi)(shi)，由于V3的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)断(duan)续导通，使(shi)得转(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)灯也断(duan)续发(fa)光(guang)而产生(sheng)闪光(guang)效果(guo)。若在V3的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阴(yin)极(ji)或(huo)阳极(ji)并联一个(ge)扬(yang)声器，则在转(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)时(shi)(shi)可(ke)发(fa)出声响，并提醒驾驶员在转(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)后不要忘记关闭转(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)灯。
摩托(tuo)车电(dian)子(zi)(zi)喇(la)叭(ba)(ba)一般是(shi)使用电(dian)磁振动式的，其内部有一组线圈。通电(dian)后产生磁场(chang)，吸(xi)合振动膜(mo)发声，它的优点是(shi)结构简单。但是(shi)其工(gong)作电(dian)流(liu)大，一般最小工(gong)作电(dian)流(liu)也达(da)1.5A，而另加装的高低音蜗耳式喇(la)叭(ba)(ba)，工(gong)作电(dian)流(liu)高达(da)3A，使用时对(dui)喇(la)叭(ba)(ba)开关及(ji)线路(lu)易(yi)造成损坏，下面介(jie)绍(shao)一种低功耗高响度电(dian)子(zi)(zi)喇(la)叭(ba)(ba)。
电路(lu)如图所(suo)示。NE555构成(cheng)音频振荡器电路(lu)，音频信号经其(qi)3脚输出(chu)，直(zhi)接耦合至(zhi)由三极管(guan)(guan) VT1、VT2、VT3构成(cheng)的复(fu)(fu)合管(guan)(guan)功放(fang)电路(lu)进(jin)行放(fang)大(da)(da)，然后推动喇叭(ba)Y发声，因(yin)功放(fang)采用(yong)三管(guan)(guan)复(fu)(fu)合放(fang)大(da)(da)，故其(qi)放(fang)大(da)(da)倍数(shu)很(hen)大(da)(da)，所(suo)以(yi)该电路(lu)耗电省，响度高，达到122dB，经测定，其(qi)工作电流(liu)小于0.5A。
制作(zuo)时，喇叭(ba)Y用4Ω、5W以上的小口径高音动(dong)圈(quan)式电喇叭(ba)，如能找到动(dong)圈(quan)式号筒形警笛喇叭(ba)则(ze)效果(guo)会更好；调节R 可改(gai)变(bian)Y的发音效果(guo)。也可通过改(gai)变(bian)C1的值来实(shi)现。注(zhu)意(yi)Y要安装于防水处。
有人动(dong)车(che)时，振(zhen)动(dong)传感器(qi)ZC接(jie)到振(zhen)动(dong)信号(hao)(hao)，经(jing)IC1D放(fang)大(da)，再通过 C3、R7组成的微分(fen)电(dian)路，将(jiang)低电(dian)平(ping)信号(hao)(hao)耦合(he)到IC1C的输(shu)人端(duan)，输(shu)出(chu)(chu)端(duan)输(shu)出(chu)(chu)高电(dian)平(ping)“l”，通过R8为(wei)四(si)声(sheng)集成电(dian)路IC2提(ti)供电(dian)源，IC2发出(chu)(chu)的警报声(sheng)经(jing)V2的推动(dong)，再经(jing)V5功率放(fang)大(da)发出(chu)(chu)声(sheng)音。同时，10脚(jiao)(jiao)的“1”信号(hao)(hao)通过D2将(jiang)12脚(jiao)(jiao)置于“l”封锁了(le)输(shu)人端(duan)，因此(ci)IC1D可以保持(chi)11脚(jiao)(jiao)输(shu)出(chu)(chu)低电(dian)平(ping)“0”。C3、R6组成微分(fen)电(dian)路，随着(zhe)时间的延长，8、9脚(jiao)(jiao)的电(dian)位升(sheng)高，当升(sheng)高到IC1C的输(shu)人阈值(zhi)时，IC1C 翻转，输(shu)出(chu)(chu)“0”，警报声(sheng)停止，进(jin)人警戒(jie)状(zhuang)态。引(yin)线3接(jie)车(che)钥匙(chi)提(ti)供的正电(dian)源。引(yin)线4接(jie)喇叭开关。
如附(fu)图所示。通电复位(wei)(wei)，电路进入工(gong)作状态。液晶(jing)显示屏显示“892051”字(zi)样。3秒钟后，前两位(wei)(wei)显示当前车速，后四(si)位(wei)(wei)显示当前车里程。按(an)下K1夜灯(deng)点亮(liang)，以方便驾驶员在夜行时看时速表(biao)，再次按(an)下Kl则关(guan)闭夜灯(deng)；按(an)下K2则里程表(biao)清零(ling)。
摩托车(che)在(zai)行(xing)(xing)驶时(shi)(shi)，安装在(zai)摩托车(che)轮毂上(shang)的(de)四(si)片磁(ci)(ci)极(ji)跟着车(che)轮一起转(zhuan)动，当磁(ci)(ci)极(ji)经(jing)过安装在(zai)磁(ci)(ci)极(ji)运行(xing)(xing)轨道附近的(de)霍(huo)尔磁(ci)(ci)传(chuan)感器（IC4）时(shi)(shi)，磁(ci)(ci)传(chuan)感器②脚(jiao)电平就(jiu)会输出脉(mai)冲信号(hao)。这一脉(mai)冲信号(hao)即是车(che)轮转(zhuan)动的(de)频率信号(hao)。由于N、S磁(ci)(ci)极(ji)各(ge)感应磁(ci)(ci)传(chuan)感器一次，其②脚(jiao)电平就(jiu)变化(hua)一次。所(suo)以从磁(ci)(ci)传(chuan)感器上(shang)获得的(de)频率实(shi)际是摩托车(che)车(che)轮转(zhuan)动频率的(de)两倍。
从磁传(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)②脚输出的(de)(de)两(liang)倍(bei)转速(su)频(pin)率信号先(xian)送(song)至Q2进行(xing)放大，再经由两(liang)个与非门构成的(de)(de)触(chu)发器(qi)送(song)至单片机AT89C205l的(de)(de)P3.4脚进行(xing)频(pin)率计(ji)数，从而(er)得出当前(qian)摩(mo)(mo)托车(che)时速(su)。设摩(mo)(mo)托车(che)车(che)轮的(de)(de)周长为L，所测得的(de)(de)频(pin)率为N，则当前(qian)摩(mo)(mo)托车(che)的(de)(de)时速(su)V=（N/2）×Lx3.6km/h。
一、两种电子点火电路及其工作原理
上图和下图是两(liang)种点火器电路(lu)，其基(ji)本(ben)原(yuan)理都是由主点火线圈(quan)L1向C1充电，控(kong)制(zhi)线圈(quan)L2触(chu)发可控(kong)硅(gui)，使C1向L3放电，由L4感应出高(gao)压完成(cheng)点火。
上图(tu)是一种自动跟踪电路(lu)。L2产生的(de)相(xiang)位(wei)脉冲由(you)IC(2)脚(jiao)输入，再由(you)IC(1)脚(jiao)输出。IC(12)、(13)脚(jiao)及其外(wai)围元件设定的(de)积(ji)分(fen)电压(ya)波形(xing)(xing)与内(nei)部进(jin)角(jiao)电压(ya)波形(xing)(xing)比较(jiao)。控制(zhi)进(jin)角(jiao)开关开通。
因此，IC(10)脚(jiao)输出(chu)的信号会跟踪发动机(ji)转速度变化而自动调整(zheng)点(dian)火(huo)提前。但这(zhei)一电路在(zai)国产(chan)摩托车实际(ji)应用(yong)中故障率高。原因是点(dian)火(huo)器(qi)塑(su)料盒(he)子(zi)体积(ji)小，长(zhang)宽只有6.5cm×3.2cm，所以元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)排列密度大，加上(shang)国产(chan)小型化元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)离(li)散性大。很多这(zhei)种点(dian)火(huo)器(qi)在(zai)工作(zuo)一至两年后出(chu)现车子(zi)打火(huo)难和(he)马力下降(jiang)等现象。此外(wai)，这(zhei)种电路元(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)(jian)多、成本(ben)高，不(bu)适合(he)读(du)者制作(zuo)和(he)生产(chan)。
下图是一种既简单又实用的电路
其工(gong)作(zuo)原理是(shi)L1产生交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)压经D3整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)向C1充电(dian)，控制(zhi)线圈L2电(dian)流(liu)(liu)经D1整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)，再经R1、R2、R3限流(liu)(liu)分压后触发可控硅导通，电(dian)流(liu)(liu)经L3并在L4上产生高压完(wan)成点火。
二、对电路下图的改进
下图(tu)电(dian)路使用(yong)效果(guo)较(jiao)上(shang)图(tu)电(dian)路为差，在车(che)子加油提速(su)时尤(you)为明(ming)显(xian)。经过(guo)长时间的实验和改进(jin)，其使用(yong)效果(guo)不但(dan)可以与上(shang)图(tu)电(dian)路相比(bi)，而(er)且车(che)子的加油提速(su)效果(guo)更好(hao)。
1.改动方法及效果
A、增加C1容量，即增加放电(dian)电(dian)流；
B、选(xuan)用电流比2P4M大(da)一倍(bei)以上的可(ke)控硅；
C、根据(ju)新选用的可(ke)控硅特性调整可(ke)控硅G极相(xiang)关的元件参数(需在(zai)车子上反复调试确定)。
经过改(gai)进的点火器(qi)(qi)(qi)，用户(hu)使用普遍感到满(man)意。其原(yuan)因(yin)是加(jia)大电流后火花增(zeng)强，而车(che)子在(zai)加(jia)大油门时，气(qi)缸内混(hun)合气(qi)浓度(du)增(zeng)加(jia)，雾化也相对变差，这时只有加(jia)强火花，才(cai)能使混(hun)合气(qi)瞬间充分燃烧。如需(xu)生(sheng)产下图的点火器(qi)(qi)(qi)，除准备上述元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件外，还需(xu)备有连接插头、电路(lu)板(ban)、塑料盒(he)子、环氧(yang)树脂等(deng)。
2.简要制作过程
先将插好(hao)的电路板细心(xin)地检查，排(pai)除错焊、假焊，然后放(fang)进(jin)塑料盒子内，接着放(fang)人石米作填充(chong)料，最后将混合好(hao)的环氧(yang)树脂倒进(jin)去，经4h~6h固化即可(ke)。这种点火器性能好(hao)，制作成本低，适合以(yi)家庭工厂形(xing)式(shi)组装生(sheng)产。
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