手(shou)(shou)机充电器电路图详解 手(shou)(shou)机充电器工作原理(li)图介(jie)绍(shao) KIA MOS管
信息来(lai)源：本站 日期：2018-04-20
分析(xi)一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)(ge)电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，往往从(cong)(cong)输入开(kai)(kai)始着手(shou)。220V交(jiao)流(liu)输入，一(yi)(yi)端(duan)经过(guo)一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)(ge)4007半(ban)波整(zheng)流(liu)，另(ling)一(yi)(yi)端(duan)经过(guo)一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)(ge)10欧的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)后，由10uF电(dian)(dian)(dian)容滤波。这个(ge)(ge)(ge)10欧的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)用来做(zuo)保护的(de)(de)，如果后面出现(xian)故(gu)障等导致(zhi)过(guo)流(liu)，那么这个(ge)(ge)(ge)电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)将被烧断(duan)(duan)，从(cong)(cong)而(er)避免引起更大的(de)(de)故(gu)障。右边(bian)的(de)(de)4007、4700pF电(dian)(dian)(dian)容、82KΩ电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，构成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)(ge)高(gao)压(ya)吸收电(dian)(dian)(dian)路，当开(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)13003关(guan)(guan)(guan)断(duan)(duan)时，负责吸收线圈上的(de)(de)感应(ying)(ying)(ying)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，从(cong)(cong)而(er)防止高(gao)压(ya)加到开(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)13003上而(er)导致(zhi)击穿。13003为(wei)开(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(完整(zheng)的(de)(de)名应(ying)(ying)(ying)该(gai)是MJE13003)，耐压(ya)400V，集(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)最(zui)大电(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)1.5A，最(zui)大集(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)功耗(hao)为(wei)14W，用来控制(zhi)原(yuan)(yuan)边(bian)绕(rao)组(zu)与电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)之间的(de)(de)通(tong)、断(duan)(duan)。当原(yuan)(yuan)边(bian)绕(rao)组(zu)不停(ting)的(de)(de)通(tong)断(duan)(duan)时，就会在开(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)变压(ya)器(qi)中形(xing)成(cheng)变化的(de)(de)磁场，从(cong)(cong)而(er)在次级绕(rao)组(zu)中产生感应(ying)(ying)(ying)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)。由于图(tu)中没有标明绕(rao)组(zu)的(de)(de)同名端(duan)，所以不能看出是正激式(shi)还是反激式(shi)。
不(bu)过，从(cong)这个(ge)(ge)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)结构(gou)来看，可(ke)以推测(ce)出来，这个(ge)(ge)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)应该是(shi)反激(ji)式的(de)。左(zuo)端的(de)510KΩ为启(qi)动(dong)(dong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)，给开关(guan)管提供启(qi)动(dong)(dong)用的(de)基极(ji)(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。13003下方的(de)10Ω电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)为电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)取样(yang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)经(jing)(jing)取样(yang)后变成(cheng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(其(qi)值为10*I)，这电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)经(jing)(jing)二极(ji)(ji)管4148后，加至三极(ji)(ji)管C945的(de)基极(ji)(ji)上。当取样(yang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)大(da)约大(da)于1.4V，即(ji)开关(guan)管电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)于0.14A时，三极(ji)(ji)管C945导通，从(cong)而(er)将开关(guan)管13003的(de)基极(ji)(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)拉(la)低(di)，从(cong)而(er)集电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)减小，这样(yang)就限(xian)制(zhi)了开关(guan)的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，防止(zhi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)过大(da)而(er)烧毁(其(qi)实这是(shi)一个(ge)(ge)恒流(liu)结构(gou)，将开关(guan)管的(de)最大(da)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)限(xian)制(zhi)在(zai)140mA左(zuo)右)。
变压(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)左下(xia)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)绕(rao)组(取(qu)(qu)样绕(rao)组)的(de)(de)(de)(de)感应电压(ya)(ya)(ya)经整流(liu)二(er)极(ji)管4148整流(liu)，22uF电容滤波后形成取(qu)(qu)样电压(ya)(ya)(ya)。为了(le)(le)分析(xi)方便(bian)，我(wo)们取(qu)(qu)三(san)极(ji)管C945发射极(ji)一端为地。那么这取(qu)(qu)样电压(ya)(ya)(ya)就是负(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(-4V左右)，并且输出(chu)电压(ya)(ya)(ya)越(yue)高(gao)时(shi)，采样电压(ya)(ya)(ya)越(yue)负(fu)。取(qu)(qu)样电压(ya)(ya)(ya)经过6.2V稳压(ya)(ya)(ya)二(er)极(ji)管后，加(jia)至开(kai)关管13003的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)极(ji)。前面说了(le)(le)，当(dang)输出(chu)电压(ya)(ya)(ya)越(yue)高(gao)时(shi)，那么取(qu)(qu)样电压(ya)(ya)(ya)就越(yue)负(fu)，当(dang)负(fu)到一定程度后，6.2V稳压(ya)(ya)(ya)二(er)极(ji)管被(bei)击穿，从而(er)将(jiang)开(kai)关13003的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)极(ji)电位拉低，这将(jiang)导致开(kai)关管断开(kai)或者推迟(chi)开(kai)关的(de)(de)(de)(de)导通，从而(er)控制(zhi)(zhi)了(le)(le)能量(liang)输入到变压(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)中，也就控制(zhi)(zhi)了(le)(le)输出(chu)电压(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)升高(gao)，实现(xian)了(le)(le)稳压(ya)(ya)(ya)输出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功能。
而(er)下方的(de)1KΩ电(dian)阻(zu)跟串联的(de)2700pF电(dian)容(rong)，则是正反馈支(zhi)路，从取样(yang)绕组中取出感应(ying)电(dian)压，加到开关管(guan)(guan)的(de)基极上，以维持振荡。右边的(de)次级绕组就没有(you)太多好(hao)说的(de)了，经(jing)二极管(guan)(guan)RF93整流，220uF电(dian)容(rong)滤波后输出6V的(de)电(dian)压。没找到二极管(guan)(guan)RF93的(de)资料，估计(ji)是一个(ge)快速回复管(guan)(guan)，例如(ru)肖特基二极管(guan)(guan)等(deng)，因为(wei)开关电(dian)源的(de)工(gong)作频率(lv)较高，所以需要工(gong)作频率(lv)的(de)二极管(guan)(guan)。这里(li)可以用常见的(de)1N5816、1N5817等(deng)肖特基二极管(guan)(guan)代替。
同样(yang)因为(wei)(wei)频率(lv)高的(de)原(yuan)因，变压器也必(bi)须(xu)使用高频开关变压器，铁(tie)心一(yi)般为(wei)(wei)高频铁(tie)氧体磁芯，具有高的(de)电阻率(lv)，以减小涡流。
1.1 一般要求
本标(biao)准对电(dian)池(chi)的电(dian)路和结构(gou)设(she)计(ji)(ji)提出了一些建议，希望生产(chan)厂家在电(dian)池(chi)的设(she)计(ji)(ji)环节能充(chong)分考(kao)虑到(dao)电(dian)池(chi)的安全性(xing)。
1.1.1 绝缘(yuan)与配线
常见的电池(chi)(chi)(chi)外壳(qiao)都是非金(jin)(jin)属(shu)(shu)的，但有的电池(chi)(chi)(chi)也采用金(jin)(jin)属(shu)(shu)外壳(qiao)，后种情况下电池(chi)(chi)(chi)的电极(ji)终端(duan)与(yu)电池(chi)(chi)(chi)的金(jin)(jin)属(shu)(shu)外壳(qiao)之间的绝缘(yuan)电阻(zu)在500V直(zhi)流电压下测量应(ying)大于5M&O1527;，除非电池(chi)(chi)(chi)的电极(ji)终端(duan)与(yu)电池(chi)(chi)(chi)的金(jin)(jin)属(shu)(shu)外壳(qiao)有连(lian)通。
手机电(dian)(dian)池(chi)并非电(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯的简单(dan)组合，电(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯之外还有保护电(dian)(dian)路和控制电(dian)(dian)路，其(qi)内(nei)部配(pei)线(xian)及绝(jue)缘(yuan)应(ying)充分(fen)满(man)足(zu)预计的最(zui)大电(dian)(dian)流(liu)、电(dian)(dian)压和温度的要求，配(pei)线(xian)的排(pai)布应(ying)保证端(duan)子之间有足(zu)够的间隙(xi)和绝(jue)缘(yuan)穿(chuan)透(tou)距(ju)离，内(nei)部连接的整体性(xing)能(neng)应(ying)充分(fen)满(man)足(zu)可能(neng)发生误操(cao)作时(shi)的安(an)全要求。
1.1.2 泄(xie)放
泄放(fang)的含义即电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)或电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)芯内(nei)部的过高压(ya)力(li)在(zai)安全(quan)阀处释(shi)放(fang)以防止(zhi)其(qi)破(po)裂或爆炸(zha)。标(biao)准要求电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)或电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)芯在(zai)内(nei)部压(ya)力(li)过高达(da)到一定(ding)限值时能以一定(ding)的速率将压(ya)力(li)泄放(fang)以防止(zhi)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的破(po)裂、爆炸(zha)和自(zi)燃(ran)。如(ru)果电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)芯被封(feng)装(zhuang)在(zai)外壳内(nei)，则该封(feng)装(zhuang)的形(xing)式(shi)和封(feng)装(zhuang)的方法在(zai)正常操作过程中不应引起电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)过热，也不应约束(shu)内(nei)部压(ya)力(li)的泄放(fang)。
1.1.3 温(wen)度/电(dian)流管理
电(dian)(dian)池充电(dian)(dian)过程中，电(dian)(dian)池和充电(dian)(dian)器(qi)内部的电(dian)(dian)路都(dou)会产生热量(liang)，若散热不佳(jia)导(dao)致(zhi)热量(liang)聚集会影响电(dian)(dian)池正(zheng)常的化学反应过程，造成电(dian)(dian)池的热失效，因此，电(dian)(dian)池的设计应能防止电(dian)(dian)池温(wen)度的异常上升(sheng)。必要时，电(dian)(dian)池的充电(dian)(dian)和放电(dian)(dian)应设定安全限流，防止电(dian)(dian)流过大而产生过多热量(liang)。
1.1.4 终(zhong)端连接
电(dian)池外壳(qiao)应清(qing)晰地标明终(zhong)端(duan)的(de)极(ji)性(xing)。终(zhong)端(duan)的(de)尺寸(cun)大(da)小和形(xing)状应能确保承载预(yu)计的(de)最大(da)电(dian)流。外部终(zhong)端(duan)表面应采(cai)用(yong)机械性(xing)能良好(hao)并耐腐(fu)蚀(shi)的(de)导电(dian)材(cai)料。终(zhong)端(duan)应设计成最不可能发生短路的(de)样式。
1.1.5 电(dian)池(chi)芯装配(pei)成电(dian)池(chi)
电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)芯(xin)与(yu)所装(zhuang)(zhuang)配电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容量应紧密(mi)匹配，装(zhuang)(zhuang)配在同一(yi)(yi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)芯(xin)应结构相同，化(hua)学(xue)成(cheng)分相同，并且是(shi)同一(yi)(yi)厂家生产的(de)(de)(de)(de)。不同厂家生产的(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)芯(xin)在电(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液和电(dian)(dian)(dian)极材料(liao)等(deng)方面均会有(you)所差异，如此规定的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)为了(le)保证装(zhuang)(zhuang)配在同一(yi)(yi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)芯(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)致性(xing)，防止(zhi)落后电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)芯(xin)造成(cheng)整个电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)技(ji)术指标和安全性(xing)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)下降(jiang)。
1.2 正常使用时的安全要求
考虑到试验的一致性(xing)及各(ge)电(dian)池试验结果具有可比性(xing)，试验所用电(dian)池芯或电(dian)池的生产日期(qi)应在(zai)3个(ge)月以内，但并不表示电(dian)池3个(ge)月后安全性(xing)能会下(xia)降。常态试验在(zai)20℃±5℃的环境温度下(xia)进(jin)行(xing)。
1.2.1 连续(xu)低倍率充电
完全充电的(de)电池(chi)芯(xin)以额定(ding)的(de)低倍率电流0.01C5 A持续充电28天(tian)后，应不起火(huo)、不爆炸、不漏液。
1.2.2 振动
用完(wan)全充电的电池(chi)(chi)(chi)芯(xin)或电池(chi)(chi)(chi)进行X、Y、Z三(san)个方向的振动试验，振动源单振幅(fu)0.76mm (双振幅(fu)1.52mm), 频率(lv)(lv)变(bian)化率(lv)(lv)1Hz/min, 频率(lv)(lv)范围10Hz到55Hz，往返振动90 min±5min后，电池(chi)(chi)(chi)应不(bu)(bu)起火、不(bu)(bu)爆炸、不(bu)(bu)漏液。
1.2.3 高温性能
完全充电的电池置于(yu)(yu)70℃±2℃恒温箱(xiang)中(zhong)，保持7小时，然后取出置于(yu)(yu)室温条件(jian)下，检(jian)查其外(wai)观，其外(wai)壳应(ying)无(wu)变形或其变形不会导致电池内(nei)部(bu)元(yuan)件(jian)暴露出来。
1.2.4 温(wen)度(du)循环
完全充(chong)电(dian)的电(dian)池或电(dian)池芯置(zhi)于可强(qiang)制调温的恒(heng)温箱中，按下(xia)列(lie)程序做 -20℃ 到 +75℃ 的温度(du)循环：
（1）30min内使(shi)恒温(wen)(wen)箱的温(wen)(wen)度升(sheng)到75℃±2℃，并(bing)在此温(wen)(wen)度下(xia)保持4h；
（2）30min内(nei)使(shi)恒温箱的温度降(jiang)到20℃±5℃，并(bing)在此(ci)温度下保持2h；
（3）30min内(nei)使恒温箱(xiang)的温度降(jiang)到 -20℃±2℃，并在此(ci)温度下保持4h；
（4）30min内使恒(heng)温箱的温度升到(dao)20℃±5℃，并在(zai)此温度下保(bao)持2h；
（5）再重复1-4的步(bu)骤做4个循环；
（6）第5次循环完成后，电(dian)池保存(cun)2h再作检查，应(ying)符(fu)合相(xiang)关要求(qiu)。
该试验(yan)(yan)可(ke)以在一个可(ke)强制调温(wen)的(de)恒温(wen)箱(xiang)中进行(xing)，也可(ke)以在3个不同温(wen)度(du)的(de)恒温(wen)箱(xiang)之间进行(xing)。试验(yan)(yan)后(hou)，电池芯或电池应(ying)不起火、不爆炸(zha)、不漏液。
1.2.5 低压性能
完全充电的(de)电池芯置于温(wen)度为20℃±5℃ 的(de)真空干燥箱中，抽真空使气压(ya)小(xiao)于11.6kpa后保(bao)持(chi)6小(xiao)时(shi)后，应不(bu)(bu)起(qi)火(huo)、不(bu)(bu)爆炸、不(bu)(bu)漏液。
1.3 可能发(fa)生误操(cao)作时(shi)的安全(quan)要求(qiu)
1.3.1 外部(bu)短路
完全(quan)充(chong)电的(de)(de)电池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)或(huo)电池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)芯分别在20℃±5℃和55℃±5℃的(de)(de)环境中放(fang)置 2h。然后，用连线短接(jie)每个电池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)芯或(huo)电池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)正负(fu)极(ji)终端并确保(bao)全(quan)部外部电阻小于100mΩ。短接(jie)后，保(bao)持24h，到电池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)芯或(huo)电池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)外壳的(de)(de)温(wen)(wen)度下降(jiang)到电池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)芯或(huo)电池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)原始温(wen)(wen)度+电池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)芯或(huo)电池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)短路后的(de)(de)最大温(wen)(wen)升×20%。试(shi)验后，电池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)或(huo)电池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)芯应不起火、不爆(bao)炸。
1.3.2 自由跌落
完(wan)全充电(dian)的电(dian)池(chi)芯(xin)或电(dian)池(chi)以任(ren)意方式从1米高处自由(you)跌落到水泥地面3次后，应不起火、不爆(bao)炸。
1.3.3 机械碰撞
在(zai)20℃±5℃环境(jing)中，完全充电(dian)的(de)(de)电(dian)池承受X、Y、Z三(san)个(ge)方向的(de)(de)碰撞(zhuang)。如果电(dian)池只有两个(ge)对称(cheng)轴，只作两个(ge)方向的(de)(de)碰撞(zhuang)。在(zai)最初(chu)3ms内(nei)的(de)(de)平均加速(su)度应(ying)≥75gn，最高加速(su)度应(ying)在(zai)125gn 和 175gn之间。碰撞(zhuang)1000次±10次后，电(dian)池应(ying)不(bu)起火(huo)、不(bu)爆炸(zha)、不(bu)漏液。
1.3.4 热冲击
完(wan)全充(chong)电(dian)的(de)(de)电(dian)池芯，置于一个烘(hong)箱中加热。烘(hong)箱的(de)(de)温度以(yi)（5±2）℃/min的(de)(de)速率上升至130℃±2℃，保(bao)持10min，电(dian)池芯应不起火(huo)、不爆炸。
1.3.5 耐挤压性能
完全(quan)充电(dian)(dian)的电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)置(zhi)于(yu)两平行平板间，施(shi)加挤(ji)(ji)压(ya)(ya)力为13kN±1kN，一旦(dan)达到(dao)最(zui)大(da)压(ya)(ya)力或(huo)压(ya)(ya)力突然下(xia)降1/3，即可卸压(ya)(ya)。对圆形(xing)或(huo)方形(xing)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)进行挤(ji)(ji)压(ya)(ya)试验(yan)时(shi)，要(yao)使电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)的纵轴(zhou)与(yu)挤(ji)(ji)压(ya)(ya)设备扁平表面(mian)保(bao)持平行。方形(xing)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)要(yao)沿其纵轴(zhou)旋转90°，以(yi)便电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)的宽边(bian)和窄边(bian)都(dou)能受到(dao)挤(ji)(ji)压(ya)(ya)的作用，外壳为铝塑复合膜的电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)只做宽面(mian)的挤(ji)(ji)压(ya)(ya)。试验(yan)后，电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)芯(xin)(xin)(xin)应不起(qi)火(huo)、不爆(bao)炸。
1.3.6 冲(chong)击
完(wan)全充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)芯(xin)置于(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)个扁(bian)平表面(mian)(mian)上，将一(yi)个半径为8mm、质量为10kg的棒(bang)垂直(zhi)置于(yu)(yu)(yu)样(yang)品中心的正上方(fang)，从600mm 高度处落下作用(yong)(yong)到(dao)(dao)样(yang)品上。圆柱形(xing)或方(fang)形(xing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)芯(xin)在接(jie)受冲(chong)击试(shi)验(yan)时，其纵(zong)轴要(yao)(yao)平行于(yu)(yu)(yu)扁(bian)平表面(mian)(mian)，垂直(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)棒(bang)的纵(zong)轴。方(fang)形(xing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)芯(xin)要(yao)(yao)沿其纵(zong)轴旋(xuan)转90°以便电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)芯(xin)的宽边(bian)和窄边(bian)都能受到(dao)(dao)冲(chong)击作用(yong)(yong)。外壳(qiao)为铝(lv)塑复合膜的电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)芯(xin)只(zhi)做(zuo)宽面(mian)(mian)的冲(chong)击试(shi)验(yan)。每(mei)只(zhi)样(yang)品只(zhi)能接(jie)受一(yi)次冲(chong)击试(shi)验(yan)，每(mei)次试(shi)验(yan)只(zhi)能使用(yong)(yong)一(yi)只(zhi)样(yang)品。试(shi)验(yan)后，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)芯(xin)应不起火、不爆炸。
1.3.7 过(guo)充性能
完全放电(dian)的(de)(de)电(dian)池(chi)芯，以(yi)≥10V的(de)(de)电(dian)压、0.2C5A的(de)(de)电(dian)流(liu)充电(dian)12.5h后，应不(bu)起火、不(bu)爆(bao)炸。
1.3.8 强(qiang)制(zhi)放(fang)电性能
完全放电的电池芯(xin)承受(shou)1C5A电流(liu)强制(zhi)放电90min后，应不(bu)起火、不(bu)爆(bao)炸。
外(wai)部短路试(shi)(shi)验、自(zi)由跌(die)落试(shi)(shi)验、热冲(chong)击试(shi)(shi)验、耐(nai)挤压(ya)性(xing)能试(shi)(shi)验、冲(chong)击试(shi)(shi)验、过(guo)充(chong)性(xing)能试(shi)(shi)验、强制放(fang)电(dian)性(xing)能试(shi)(shi)验是(shi)破坏性(xing)试(shi)(shi)验，电(dian)池(chi)或电(dian)池(chi)芯(xin)的外(wai)壳均可(ke)能发生(sheng)变化，漏液很难避(bi)免，但尚(shang)未影响(xiang)安全性(xing)，因此(ci)标准中对这些(xie)试(shi)(shi)验没有要求不漏液。
1.4 安全标(biao)识
安全(quan)标识的作用应引起足够(gou)的重视，电(dian)池(chi)(chi)本身应具有安全(quan)警(jing)示(shi)，并且(qie)附加适当的警(jing)告(gao)声(sheng)明，需检查确认标识的一(yi)致性。另(ling)外，电(dian)池(chi)(chi)的说明书中应写(xie)清合适的使用指(zhi)导和推荐的充电(dian)方法等。
市场(chang)(chang)上的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)形色各异，有的(de)(de)(de)使用电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)线，有的(de)(de)(de)不使用。直接(jie)插入式充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)不使用电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)线，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)插头(tou)和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)外(wai)壳(qiao)构成一完整部件，其重量靠墙(qiang)上插座来(lai)承载，市场(chang)(chang)上常(chang)见的(de)(de)(de)“坐充(chong)(chong)(chong)”就是这类充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。使用电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)线的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，与(yu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)连(lian)接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)方式又(you)分两(liang)种(zhong)：可(ke)拆(chai)(chai)卸(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)和(he)不可(ke)拆(chai)(chai)卸(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)。可(ke)拆(chai)(chai)卸(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)软线利用适当的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)连(lian)接(jie)器(qi)与(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)连(lian)接(jie)以供(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不可(ke)拆(chai)(chai)卸(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)软线固定在充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)上或与(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)装配在一起来(lai)供(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
市场中有(you)(you)(you)的(de)产品称为充(chong)电(dian)器(qi)，但实际上(shang)是(shi)(shi)适配(pei)(pei)(pei)器(qi)，我们有(you)(you)(you)必要(yao)(yao)区分(fen)这两种功(gong)能(neng)(neng)。适配(pei)(pei)(pei)器(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)把交(jiao)流(liu)市电(dian)转换成直(zhi)流(liu)电(dian)，根据电(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)规格提供(gong)相(xiang)应(ying)的(de)电(dian)压(ya)电(dian)流(liu)，一般(ban)采(cai)用恒压(ya)恒流(liu)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)，能(neng)(neng)够隔(ge)离主(zhu)电(dian)压(ya)和危险电(dian)压(ya)，对市电(dian)波动有(you)(you)(you)一定耐受(shou)力，需要(yao)(yao)时可安全(quan)关断。而充(chong)电(dian)器(qi)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)把充(chong)电(dian)电(dian)流(liu)限(xian)制(zhi)在一个安全(quan)水平(ping)上(shang)，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)采(cai)用恒流(liu)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)，能(neng)(neng)检(jian)测充(chong)电(dian)的(de)完(wan)成，根据某种算法(fa)终止充(chong)电(dian)以延长(zhang)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)寿命(ming)，若发现(xian)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)异常可终止充(chong)电(dian)。这两种功(gong)能(neng)(neng)可分(fen)别实现(xian)，也可组合在一个物理实体中。GSM手机(ji)通(tong)常包含充(chong)电(dian)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，与手机(ji)配(pei)(pei)(pei)套的(de)只需适配(pei)(pei)(pei)器(qi)，而CDMA手机(ji)往往不包含充(chong)电(dian)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，这样(yang)减少了手机(ji)设(she)计的(de)复杂(za)性和工作状态时产生的(de)热(re)量。理解(jie)这些概念有(you)(you)(you)助(zhu)于更有(you)(you)(you)针(zhen)对性地(di)使用该标准(zhun)。
2.1交(jiao)流输入电压
充电(dian)器的(de)额定输入(ru)电(dian)压为交流220 V，频率为50 Hz，为了保证(zheng)安全(quan)性，充电(dian)器应能(neng)承受(shou)市电(dian)一定范围内的(de)波(bo)动，标准(zhun)中要求的(de)电(dian)压波(bo)动范围是其额定值的(de)85 ％～110 ％，频率的(de)波(bo)动范围是±2 Hz。
2.2 电源(yuan)线组件(jian)
（1）电源线组件应符合GB2099的(de)要求；
（2）电源线(xian)组件的(de)额定值应大于充(chong)电器(qi)电源要求的(de)额定值；
（3）电(dian)源软线(xian)的导线(xian)截面积应(ying)不(bu)小于0.75mm2；
（4）电源线组件(jian)中的电源软线应(ying)符合下列要求：
*如果电源软线是(shi)橡皮绝缘，则应是(shi)合成橡胶(jiao)，应符合GB5013对通(tong)用橡胶(jiao)护套软电缆的要(yao)求；
*如(ru)果电源软(ruan)线(xian)是聚氯(lv)乙烯绝缘的(de)，应符(fu)合GB5023对轻型聚氯(lv)乙烯护套(tao)软(ruan)线(xian)的(de)要求(qiu)。
2.3 隔离变压(ya)器
安全(quan)隔(ge)离变(bian)压(ya)(ya)器在(zai)构(gou)造上(shang)应(ying)保(bao)证在(zai)出(chu)现单一绝(jue)缘故障和(he)由此引起(qi)的其他故障时，不(bu)会(hui)使安全(quan)特低电(dian)压(ya)(ya)绕组上(shang)出(chu)现危(wei)险(xian)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)。隔(ge)离变(bian)压(ya)(ya)器应(ying)按照GB4943中附录C的有关规(gui)定进(jin)行试验。
2.4 说明和标牌的要(yao)求
2.4.1 一般要求
厂家(jia)应(ying)(ying)(ying)向用(yong)户(hu)提供足够的(de)(de)资料，以确保用(yong)户(hu)在按厂家(jia)的(de)(de)规定使用(yong)时，不会引起本标(biao)准(zhun)范围内的(de)(de)危(wei)险。应(ying)(ying)(ying)使用(yong)标(biao)准(zhun)简体中文书(shu)写。标(biao)记应(ying)(ying)(ying)是耐(nai)(nai)久和(he)醒目的(de)(de)，能承受标(biao)记耐(nai)(nai)久性试验。首(shou)先用(yong)一(yi)块(kuai)蘸(zhan)有(you)水的(de)(de)棉布擦(ca)拭15s，然(ran)后再用(yong)一(yi)块(kuai)蘸(zhan)有(you)汽油的(de)(de)棉布擦(ca)拭15s，标(biao)牌应(ying)(ying)(ying)清晰，不应(ying)(ying)(ying)轻易被揭掉，不应(ying)(ying)(ying)出现卷边。
2.4.2 说明书
厂家应提(ti)供必要的使用说明书，对充电(dian)器在操作、维(wei)修、运输或储(chu)存时(shi)有可(ke)能引起危(wei)险的情况提(ti)醒用户特别注意(yi)。
2.5 结(jie)构设计要求
2.5.1 稳(wen)定(ding)性
直接(jie)插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)在墙(qiang)壁插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang)、靠插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)脚(jiao)来承(cheng)载其(qi)重量的(de)(de)充(chong)电器(qi)，不应(ying)使墙(qiang)壁插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)座(zuo)承(cheng)受过大的(de)(de)应(ying)力。可(ke)通过插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)座(zuo)应(ying)力试验(yan)检(jian)验(yan)其(qi)是否合(he)(he)格。充(chong)电器(qi)应(ying)按正常使用情况，插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)入(ru)到(dao)一个已固(gu)定(ding)好的(de)(de)没有接(jie)地接(jie)触(chu)件的(de)(de)插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang)，该插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)座(zuo)可(ke)以围绕位于插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)座(zuo)啮合(he)(he)面(mian)(mian)后面(mian)(mian)8mm的(de)(de)距(ju)离处，与管件接(jie)触(chu)件中心(xin)线相(xiang)交的(de)(de)水平轴线转动。为保(bao)持啮合(he)(he)面(mian)(mian)垂直而(er)必须(xu)加到(dao)插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)附加力矩不应(ying)超过0.25Nm。
2.5.2 结构细节(jie)
电(dian)池极性接反(fan)以(yi)及(ji)强制(zhi)充(chong)电(dian)或放(fang)电(dian)可(ke)能导致危险，所以(yi)在设计(ji)上应(ying)有防止极性接反(fan)以(yi)及(ji)防止强制(zhi)充(chong)放(fang)电(dian)的(de)措(cuo)施(shi)。将起保护作用的(de)任何元件一次一个地(di)短路或开(kai)路，并强迫充(chong)放(fang)电(dian)各2小时(shi)，充(chong)电(dian)器应(ying)不起火、不爆炸。
2.5.3 防触及(ji)性（电击及(ji)能量危险）
充电器正常使用时应具有防触及性，防止电击(ji)及能量危险。
如果特(te)低电(dian)压电(dian)路(lu)的(de)外部配(pei)线的(de)绝缘(yuan)是操作人(ren)员可触及的(de)，则(ze)该配(pei)线应：
*不会受(shou)(shou)到损坏(huai)或承(cheng)受(shou)(shou)应(ying)力；
*不需要操(cao)作(zuo)人员(yuan)接触(chu)。
2.5.4 连接布线
（1）对(dui)使用不可拆卸(xie)的电源软线的充电器应装(zhuang)有紧固(gu)装(zhuang)置：
*导线在连接(jie)点不承受应力；
*导线(xian)的外套不受(shou)磨(mo)损；
*电源(yuan)软线(xian)应能(neng)承受拉(la)(la)力试(shi)验，电源(yuan)软线(xian)应承受30N的(de)(de)稳(wen)定拉(la)(la)力25次(ci)，拉(la)(la)力沿最(zui)不利(li)的(de)(de)方向施(shi)加，每次(ci)施(shi)加时(shi)间为1s，电源(yuan)软线(xian)应不被拉(la)(la)断；
*电(dian)源(yuan)软线紧固(gu)装置应由(you)绝(jue)缘材料(liao)制成，或由(you)具(ju)有符合附加绝(jue)缘要(yao)求的(de)绝(jue)缘材料(liao)的(de)衬套制成。
（2） 电(dian)源软线(xian)入(ru)口(kou)(kou)开孔处应(ying)装有软线(xian)入(ru)口(kou)(kou)护套，或(huo)(huo)者软线(xian)入(ru)口(kou)(kou)或(huo)(huo)衬套应(ying)具有光(guang)滑(hua)圆(yuan)形的喇(la)叭口(kou)(kou)，喇(la)叭口(kou)(kou)的曲率半径(jing)至少等于所连接最大截面积的软线(xian)外(wai)径(jing)的1.5倍(bei)。
软线入口护套应：
*设(she)计成防(fang)止软(ruan)线在进入充电器(qi)入口处(chu)过分弯曲；
*用绝缘材料制成；
*采用(yong)可靠的方法(fa)固定；
*伸出(chu)充(chong)电器外(wai)超过入口开孔的(de)距离至少为该(gai)软线(xian)(xian)外(wai)径的(de)5倍，或者(zhe)对扁平软线(xian)(xian)，至少为该(gai)软线(xian)(xian)截面长边尺(chi)寸的(de)5倍。
2.6 外壳表面
当用(yong)户碰触到电池外(wai)壳时(shi)，其温(wen)(wen)度不(bu)(bu)应(ying)造成用(yong)户的(de)突然反(fan)应(ying)使他受伤，人对温(wen)(wen)度的(de)反(fan)应(ying)不(bu)(bu)仅(jin)是度数的(de)高低，还取(qu)决于外(wai)壳材料(liao)的(de)传导特(te)性和热容(rong)量，60℃的(de)金属(shu)外(wai)壳比70℃的(de)塑料(liao)外(wai)壳感觉(jue)要(yao)烫，UL和IEC的(de)相(xiang)关标准(zhun)中(zhong)对非(fei)金属(shu)外(wai)壳温(wen)(wen)升的(de)规(gui)定不(bu)(bu)超过50℃，而手机(ji)电池的(de)外(wai)壳绝大部分是非(fei)金属(shu)材料(liao)，因此本(ben)标准(zhun)借鉴了该规(gui)定，要(yao)求如下：充电器(qi)额定工作2小时(shi)后，测量其外(wai)壳表(biao)面温(wen)(wen)度变化小于1℃/h即认为温(wen)(wen)度稳(wen)定，此时(shi)测量其外(wai)壳表(biao)面温(wen)(wen)升应(ying)小于50℃。
2.7 输(shu)出(chu)短路保护
充电(dian)器(qi)应有(you)短路的自动保护(hu)功能。将(jiang)充电(dian)器(qi)输出短路，充电(dian)器(qi)应能自动保护(hu)，故障(zhang)排除后应能自动恢复(fu)工作(zuo)。
2.8 绝(jue)缘电阻
在常温条件下，用绝(jue)缘电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻测试(shi)仪直流(liu)500 V电(dian)(dian)(dian)压，对充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)主回路(lu)(lu)的一次(ci)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)对外壳、二次(ci)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)对外壳及一次(ci)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)对二次(ci)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)进行测试(shi)，充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的绝(jue)缘电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻应(ying)不(bu)低(di)于2 MΩ。
2.9 绝缘(yuan)强度
用(yong)耐压(ya)测试(shi)仪对充电(dian)器进行绝(jue)(jue)缘(yuan)强度试(shi)验(yan)，且充电(dian)器必(bi)须(xu)是在进行完(wan)绝(jue)(jue)缘(yuan)电(dian)阻试(shi)验(yan)并(bing)符合要求后才(cai)能(neng)进行绝(jue)(jue)缘(yuan)强度的试(shi)验(yan)。
一(yi)(yi)次电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路对外壳、一(yi)(yi)次电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路对二次电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路应能承受50 Hz、有(you)效值为1500 V的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)（漏(lou)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)≤10 mA），二次电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路对外壳应能承受50 Hz、有(you)效值为500 V的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)（漏(lou)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)≤10 mA），应无击穿与无飞弧现象(xiang)。试验电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)应从小于一(yi)(yi)半(ban)规(gui)定电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)值处逐步升高，达到规(gui)定电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)值时(shi)持续1 min。
2.10 异常工(gong)作及(ji)故障条件(jian)下的要求(qiu)
充电器(qi)(qi)的(de)设(she)计(ji)应能(neng)尽可(ke)(ke)能(neng)限制因(yin)机械、电气(qi)过载或(huo)故障、异常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)或(huo)使用不当而造成起火或(huo)电击危险。变压器(qi)(qi)过载试验按照GB4943中附录C1的(de)要求(qiu)进行(xing)。可(ke)(ke)模拟下(xia)列故障条(tiao)件：
*一次电路中任何(he)元器件(jian)的失效；
*二次(ci)电路中任何元器件的失效。
2.11 材料的可燃性要求(qiu)
充电(dian)器外壳和(he)印制板及元器件所(suo)用的材(cai)料应能(neng)使(shi)引(yin)燃(ran)危(wei)险和(he)火焰蔓(man)延减小到最低限(xian)度，为(wei)V－2级或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)更优等级。在进(jin)(jin)行(xing)耐热(re)(re)及防火试(shi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)时(shi)(shi)，V-0级材(cai)料可(ke)以(yi)(yi)燃(ran)烧(shao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)灼(zhuo)热(re)(re)，但(dan)(dan)(dan)其持续时(shi)(shi)间平均(jun)(jun)不(bu)超过5s，在燃(ran)烧(shao)时(shi)(shi)所(suo)释(shi)放(fang)的灼(zhuo)热(re)(re)微粒(li)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)燃(ran)烧(shao)滴落物不(bu)会(hui)(hui)使(shi)脱(tuo)脂棉(mian)引(yin)燃(ran)。V-1级材(cai)料可(ke)以(yi)(yi)燃(ran)烧(shao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)灼(zhuo)热(re)(re)，但(dan)(dan)(dan)其持续时(shi)(shi)间平均(jun)(jun)不(bu)超过25s，在燃(ran)烧(shao)时(shi)(shi)所(suo)释(shi)放(fang)的灼(zhuo)热(re)(re)微粒(li)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)燃(ran)烧(shao)滴落物不(bu)会(hui)(hui)使(shi)脱(tuo)脂棉(mian)引(yin)燃(ran)。V-2级材(cai)料可(ke)以(yi)(yi)燃(ran)烧(shao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)灼(zhuo)热(re)(re)，但(dan)(dan)(dan)其持续时(shi)(shi)间平均(jun)(jun)不(bu)超过25s，在燃(ran)烧(shao)时(shi)(shi)所(suo)释(shi)放(fang)的灼(zhuo)热(re)(re)微粒(li)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)燃(ran)烧(shao)滴落物会(hui)(hui)使(shi)脱(tuo)脂棉(mian)引(yin)燃(ran)。进(jin)(jin)行(xing)本试(shi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)时(shi)(shi)可(ke)能(neng)会(hui)(hui)冒出有毒(du)的烟雾，在适(shi)用的情况下，试(shi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)在通(tong)风(feng)柜中进(jin)(jin)行(xing)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)者在通(tong)风(feng)良好的房(fang)间内进(jin)(jin)行(xing)，但(dan)(dan)(dan)是不(bu)能(neng)出现可(ke)能(neng)使(shi)试(shi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)结果无效的气流。
试验火(huo)焰应(ying)利用本生(sheng)灯(deng)(deng)获(huo)得，本生(sheng)灯(deng)(deng)灯(deng)(deng)管内径为(wei)9.5mm±0.5mm，灯(deng)(deng)管长度(du)从空气主进口处向上(shang)约(yue)为(wei)100mm。本生(sheng)灯(deng)(deng)要(yao)使用热值约(yue)为(wei)37MJ/m3的(de)燃气。应(ying)调节本生(sheng)灯(deng)(deng)的(de)火(huo)焰，使本生(sheng)灯(deng)(deng)处于垂(chui)直位(wei)置，同(tong)时(shi)空气进气口关闭时(shi)，火(huo)焰的(de)总高度(du)约(yue)为(wei)20mm。火(huo)焰顶(ding)端应(ying)与(yu)样品(pin)接触，烧(shao)30s，然后移动(dong)火(huo)焰停烧(shao)60s，再在同(tong)一部位(wei)烧(shao)30s。
在(zai)试(shi)验(yan)期间(jian)，当试(shi)验(yan)火焰第二次(ci)撤(che)离后，样(yang)品延续燃(ran)烧不(bu)应超过1min，且样(yang)品不(bu)应完(wan)全烧尽。
2.12 自由跌落试(shi)验
充电器从(cong)1m高度处自由(you)跌落到(dao)硬木表(biao)面3次，其表(biao)面应无裂痕等损坏。
2.13 湿热试验
试验方法按GB/T 2423.9 – 2001 中“试验 Cb” 的要(yao)求(qiu)进行。产品(pin)无(wu)包装，试验严(yan)酷等级为(wei)：温度 40 ℃±2 ℃，相对湿度（93±3）％RH，试验持续时间为(wei)2 d。试验后应符合4.7.2的要(yao)求(qiu)。
3 小结(jie)
本标准(zhun)在(zai)制订过(guo)程中(zhong)借鉴了(le)国(guo)际相关标准(zhun)，如IEC62133、IEC61960、UL1642、UL2045等(deng)，参考了(le)GB 4943 – 2001《信息技术设(she)备的(de)安全(quan)》等(deng)标准(zhun)，力求(qiu)标准(zhun)条款适合我国(guo)国(guo)情，试验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)法(fa)具有可(ke)(ke)(ke)操作(zuo)性。本标准(zhun)在(zai)编(bian)制过(guo)程中(zhong)遵循了(le)《ISO技术工作(zuo)导则》中(zhong)的(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)证实原则:即(ji)规定的(de)技术要求(qiu)能用试验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)法(fa)加以论证,若暂时(shi)(shi)没有科(ke)学的(de)方(fang)法(fa)进行试验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)或检(jian)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),以及不能稳(wen)定可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠(kao)地(di)得出确切检(jian)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)结果时(shi)(shi),就(jiu)不将这样的(de)条款列进标准(zhun)。
部分安全(quan)(quan)(quan)试验(yan)分别针对锂(li)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)锂(li)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)芯(xin)，因此该(gai)(gai)标准(zhun)对锂(li)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)锂(li)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)芯(xin)分别进行了(le)定(ding)义(yi)。充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的安全(quan)(quan)(quan)性不能(neng)(neng)仅(jin)仅(jin)通过输(shu)(shu)出(chu)特(te)性的检查来确定(ding)，因为(wei)输(shu)(shu)出(chu)特(te)性良好并不能(neng)(neng)保障(zhang)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的可靠性，所以(yi)该(gai)(gai)标准(zhun)规(gui)定(ding)对充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的全(quan)(quan)(quan)面(mian)性能(neng)(neng)进行考察，包括(kuo)对变压器(qi)(qi)、电(dian)(dian)源线等元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件的安全(quan)(quan)(quan)要求(qiu)和(he)结构设(she)计要求(qiu)。充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)应保证在故障(zhang)条件下都不对人身(shen)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)构成威(wei)胁，所以(yi)该(gai)(gai)标准(zhun)对此做(zuo)了(le)规(gui)定(ding)。充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)除应具有电(dian)(dian)气防(fang)护功(gong)能(neng)(neng)外，也应具有防(fang)火防(fang)护功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，根(gen)据同类产(chan)品(pin)的要求(qiu)，该(gai)(gai)标准(zhun)将其防(fang)火材料等级(ji)(ji)规(gui)定(ding)为(wei)V-2级(ji)(ji)。
锂(li)离子电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)工作机理是：电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时，正(zheng)极材(cai)料(liao)中的(de)锂(li)形成离子溶出(chu)，嵌(qian)入(ru)到负(fu)极改(gai)性(xing)石墨(mo)(mo)层(ceng)中;电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时，锂(li)离子从石墨(mo)(mo)层(ceng)中脱嵌(qian)，穿过隔离膜回填到正(zheng)极钴氧化锂(li)的(de)层(ceng)状(zhuang)结构中。随充放电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)进行(xing)锂(li)离子不断(duan)的(de)从正(zheng)极和负(fu)极中嵌(qian)入(ru)和脱出(chu)，所以也有人称其为(wei)(wei)(wei)“摇椅电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)”锂(li)离子电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)单体的(de)额定电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压为(wei)(wei)(wei) 3.6V,充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)限(xian)制(zhi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压为(wei)(wei)(wei) 4.2V，放电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)限(xian)制(zhi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压为(wei)(wei)(wei) 2.5V
锂离(li)子电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)过(guo)程(cheng)分为(wei)两个步(bu)骤：先是(shi)恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)，其电(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)恒(heng)定(ding)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)不断升高，当(dang)(dang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)到 4.2V 的(de)(de)(de)时(shi)(shi)(shi)候(hou)自动转(zhuan)换(huan)为(wei)恒(heng)压(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)恒(heng)压(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)(shi)(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)恒(heng)定(ding)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)是(shi)越来(lai)(lai)越小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)直到充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)小(xiao)于预先设定(ding)值(zhi)为(wei)止，所(suo)以有人用直充(chong)(chong)(chong)对(dui)手机电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)进(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)时(shi)(shi)(shi)候(hou)明(ming)明(ming)电(dian)(dian)(dian)量显示已经满格了(le)，可(ke)(ke)是(shi)还是(shi)显示正在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)，其实这个时(shi)(shi)(shi)候(hou)的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)已经达到了(le) 4.2V 所(suo)以电(dian)(dian)(dian)量显示为(wei)满格，那(nei)时(shi)(shi)(shi)就(jiu)是(shi)在(zai)进(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)恒(heng)压(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)过(guo)程(cheng)，那(nei)么有人也许会问，为(wei)什么要进(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)恒(heng)压(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)呢，直接用恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)到 4.2V 不就(jiu)行(xing)(xing)了(le)吗(ma)，其实很(hen)容易(yi)解释，因为(wei)每一个电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)都有一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)内阻(zu)(zu)(zu)，当(dang)(dang)用恒(heng)流(liu)进(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)到 4.2V 的(de)(de)(de)时(shi)(shi)(shi)候(hou)，这个 4.2V 其实并不是(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)实际的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，而是(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)加(jia)上电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)内阻(zu)(zu)(zu)上消(xiao)耗的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)之和，如果电(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)很(hen)大那(nei)么在(zai)内阻(zu)(zu)(zu)上消(xiao)耗的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)也就(jiu)很(hen)大，所(suo)以那(nei)是(shi)实际电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)可(ke)(ke)能比(bi) 4.2V 小(xiao)很(hen)多(duo)，所(suo)以要用恒(heng)压(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)过(guo)程(cheng)，把充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)慢(man)慢(man)降下来(lai)(lai)，这样电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)实际电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)就(jiu)很(hen)接近 4.2V 。
详(xiang)细介绍了(le)一种开(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)型充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，该充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器采用了(le)RCC型开(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，即振(zhen)荡抑制(zhi)型变换(huan)器，它(ta)与PWM型开(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)有一定(ding)的(de)区别。PWM型开(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)由独(du)立(li)的(de)取样误差(cha)放(fang)大器和(he)直(zhi)流(liu)放(fang)大器组成脉(mai)宽调制(zhi)系统;而RCC型开(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)只是由稳压(ya)器组成电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)开(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)，控(kong)制(zhi)过(guo)程(cheng)为振(zhen)荡状(zhuang)态和(he)抑制(zhi)状(zhuang)态。由于(yu)PWM型开(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)中的(de)开(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)总(zong)是周期(qi)性的(de)通(tong)断，系统控(kong)制(zhi)只是改变每个周期(qi)的(de)脉(mai)冲宽度，而RCC型开(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)过(guo)程(cheng)并非线性连续变化，它(ta)只有两个状(zhuang)态：当(dang)(dang)开(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)输(shu)出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)超过(guo)额(e)(e)定(ding)值(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)，脉(mai)冲控(kong)制(zhi)器输(shu)出低(di)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)，开(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)截止(zhi);当(dang)(dang)开(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)输(shu)出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)低(di)于(yu)额(e)(e)定(ding)值(zhi)(zhi)时(shi)，脉(mai)冲控(kong)制(zhi)器输(shu)出高电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)，开(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)导通(tong)。当(dang)(dang)负载(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)减小时(shi)，滤波电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)间延长，输(shu)出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)不会(hui)很快降低(di)，开(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)处于(yu)截止(zhi)状(zhuang)态，直(zhi)到输(shu)出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)降低(di)到额(e)(e)定(ding)值(zhi)(zhi)以下，开(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)才会(hui)再次导通(tong)。开(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)的(de)截止(zhi)时(shi)间取决(jue)于(yu)负载(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)大小。开(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)的(de)导通(tong)/截止(zhi)由电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)开(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)从输(shu)出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)取样进行控(kong)制(zhi)。因(yin)此这种电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)也(ye)称(cheng)非周期(qi)性开(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。
20V市电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)经VD1～VD4桥式整流(liu)(liu)后在(zai)(zai)V2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)上(shang)形(xing)成一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)300V左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。由V2和(he)开关(guan)变(bian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)组成间(jian)(jian)(jian)歇振荡器(qi)。开机后，300V直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)经过(guo)(guo)变(bian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)初级加(jia)到V2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)，同(tong)时(shi)该电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)还经启动电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R2为V2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)极(ji)提供一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)偏置电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。由于(yu)正(zheng)(zheng)反(fan)馈作用，V2 Ic迅(xun)速上(shang)升而(er)饱(bao)和(he)，在(zai)(zai)V2进入截(jie)止(zhi)期间(jian)(jian)(jian)，开关(guan)变(bian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)次(ci)级绕组产(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感应电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)使(shi)VD7导(dao)通(tong)，向负(fu)载(zai)输出(chu)一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)9V左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。开关(guan)变(bian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)馈绕组产(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感应脉冲经VD5整流(liu)(liu)、C1滤波后产(chan)(chan)生一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)与振荡脉冲个(ge)(ge)数(shu)呈正(zheng)(zheng)比的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。此电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)若超(chao)过(guo)(guo)稳(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)管VD17的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稳(wen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值，VD17便导(dao)通(tong)，此负(fu)极(ji)性(xing)整流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)便加(jia)在(zai)(zai)V2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)极(ji)，使(shi)其迅(xun)速截(jie)止(zhi)。V2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)截(jie)止(zhi)时(shi)间(jian)(jian)(jian)与其输出(chu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)呈反(fan)比。VD17的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)导(dao)通(tong)/截(jie)止(zhi)直(zhi)接受电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)网(wang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)负(fu)载(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)响。电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)网(wang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)越(yue)低或负(fu)载(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)越(yue)大(da)，VD17的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)导(dao)通(tong)时(shi)间(jian)(jian)(jian)越(yue)短(duan)，V2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)导(dao)通(tong)时(shi)间(jian)(jian)(jian)越(yue)长，反(fan)之，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)网(wang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)越(yue)高(gao)或负(fu)载(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)越(yue)小，VD5的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)越(yue)高(gao)，VD17的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)导(dao)通(tong)时(shi)间(jian)(jian)(jian)越(yue)长，V2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)导(dao)通(tong)时(shi)间(jian)(jian)(jian)越(yue)短(duan)。V1是(shi)(shi)(shi)过(guo)(guo)流(liu)(liu)保护管，R5是(shi)(shi)(shi)V2 Ie的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)取(qu)(qu)样电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。当V2 Ie过(guo)(guo)大(da)时(shi)，R5上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)使(shi)V1导(dao)通(tong)，V2截(jie)止(zhi)，可有效消除(chu)开机瞬(shun)间(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冲击电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，同(tong)时(shi)对VD17的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制功能也是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)种补(bu)偿。VD17以(yi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)取(qu)(qu)样来(lai)控(kong)制V2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)振荡时(shi)间(jian)(jian)(jian)，而(er)V1是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)取(qu)(qu)样来(lai)控(kong)制V2振荡时(shi)间(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。
如果是为镍(nie)镉(ge)、镍(nie)氢(qing)(qing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，由(you)于(yu)这类电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)存在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)记(ji)忆效应，需不定时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)对其进行放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。SW1是镍(nie)镉(ge)、镍(nie)氢(qing)(qing)、锂(li)离子电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)转换开关。SW1与(yu)精(jing)密(mi)基准(zhun)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源SL431为运放(fang)LM324⑨提供两(liang)个不同的(de)(de)(de)精(jing)密(mi)基准(zhun)源，由(you)SW1切换。在(zai)(zai)给(ji)镍(nie)镉(ge)、镍(nie)氢(qing)(qing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，LM324⑨脚的(de)(de)(de)基准(zhun)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)约(yue)0。09V(空载(zai));在(zai)(zai)给(ji)锂(li)离子电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，LM324⑨脚的(de)(de)(de)基准(zhun)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)约(yue)为0。08V(空载(zai))，这种设计(ji)是由(you)这两(liang)种类型(xing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)特有的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)学特性决定的(de)(de)(de)。按(an)下SW2，V5基极(ji)瞬间得一(yi)低(di)(di)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平而导通(tong)(tong)(tong)，可(ke)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)上的(de)(de)(de)残余电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)通(tong)(tong)(tong)过(guo)V5的(de)(de)(de)ec极(ji)在(zai)(zai)R17上放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)指(zhi)示灯VD14点亮。在(zai)(zai)按(an)下SW2后(hou)会随即释放(fang)，这时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)上的(de)(de)(de)残余电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)通(tong)(tong)(tong)过(guo)R16、R13分压(ya)(ya)，C9滤波(bo)后(hou)为V4的(de)(de)(de)基极(ji)提供一(yi)个高(gao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平，V4导通(tong)(tong)(tong)，这相当于(yu)短(duan)接SW2。随着放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)间的(de)(de)(de)延长(zhang)，可(ke)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)上的(de)(de)(de)残余电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)也(ye)越来越低(di)(di)，当V4基极(ji)上的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)不能(neng)维持其继续导通(tong)(tong)(tong)时(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，V4截(jie)止，放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)终止，充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器随即转入(ru)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)状态(tai)。
由(you)(you)(you)于锂电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不存在(zai)记忆(yi)效应，当(dang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)低(di)于3V时(shi)(shi)便不能开机，其(qi)残(can)余电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)经(jing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R40、R41分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)后(hou)(hou)得(de)到(dao)2。53V送入运算放大器的(de)同(tong)相端③、⑤、⑩脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，由(you)(you)(you)于LM324⑨脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)在(zai)负载下(xia)始终为(wei)2。66V，因(yin)此⑧脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)输出(chu)低(di)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)，V3导通，+9V电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)通过(guo)V3 ec极、VD8向可(ke)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。IC1 d在(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)C6的(de)作用下(xia)，{14}脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)输出(chu)的(de)是脉冲信号，由(you)(you)(you)于IC1⑧脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)为(wei)低(di)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)，因(yin)此VD12处(chu)于闪烁状态，以指示电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)正在(zai)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，对(dui)(dui)应容(rong)(rong)量(liang)为(wei)20%。随着充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)(shi)间的(de)延长，可(ke)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)上的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)逐(zhu)渐上升。当(dang)R40、R41的(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)值约(yue)等于2。58V时(shi)(shi)，即IC1③脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)等于2。58V时(shi)(shi)，IC1②脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)经(jing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)后(hou)(hou)得(de)2。57V，其(qi)①脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)输出(chu)高(gao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)(由(you)(you)(you)于在(zai)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)(shi)，IC1⑨脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)始终是2。66V，V6导通;反之(zhi)在(zai)空载时(shi)(shi)，IC1⑨脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)为(wei)0。08V，V6截止)，VD10、VD11点亮，对(dui)(dui)应指示容(rong)(rong)量(liang)为(wei)40%、60%。当(dang)R40、R41的(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)值上升到(dao)2。63V时(shi)(shi)，即IC1⑤脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)等于2。63V，其(qi)⑥脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)经(jing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)后(hou)(hou)得(de)2。63V，⑦脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)输出(chu)高(gao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)，VD9点亮，对(dui)(dui)应充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)为(wei)80%。只(zhi)有(you)IC1⑩脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)≥2。66V时(shi)(shi)，⑧脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)才(cai)输出(chu)高(gao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)，VD13点亮，对(dui)(dui)应充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)为(wei)100%。即使(shi)VD13点亮时(shi)(shi)，VD12仍处(chu)于闪烁状态，这表示电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)仍未达到(dao)完全(quan)饱(bao)和。只(zhi)有(you)IC1⑧脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)>6。5V时(shi)(shi)，VD12才(cai)逐(zhu)渐熄(xi)灭，表示电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)完全(quan)充(chong)至饱(bao)和。
VD16在电路中(zhong)起过充、过流保(bao)护(hu)作用，VD8起反(fan)向保(bao)护(hu)作用，避免充电器断电后，电池反(fan)向放电。
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