手机充电(dian)器电(dian)路图详解 手机充电(dian)器工作原理(li)图介绍 KIA MOS管
信息来源：本站 日期(qi)：2018-04-20
分析一个(ge)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)从(cong)输入开(kai)始着(zhe)手。220V交流(liu)(liu)输入，一端经(jing)(jing)过(guo)一个(ge)4007半波整流(liu)(liu)，另一端经(jing)(jing)过(guo)一个(ge)10欧的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)后，由10uF电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容滤(lv)波。这(zhei)个(ge)10欧的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)用(yong)来(lai)做(zuo)保护的(de)(de)(de)，如果后面出现故(gu)障(zhang)等导致过(guo)流(liu)(liu)，那(nei)么这(zhei)个(ge)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)将被烧断，从(cong)而(er)避(bi)免(mian)引起更(geng)大的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)。右(you)边(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)4007、4700pF电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容、82KΩ电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，构成一个(ge)高压(ya)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，当(dang)开(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)13003关(guan)(guan)(guan)断时，负责吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)线圈(quan)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)感应电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，从(cong)而(er)防止高压(ya)加到开(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)13003上(shang)而(er)导致击(ji)穿。13003为(wei)开(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)名应该是MJE13003)，耐压(ya)400V，集电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极最大电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)1.5A，最大集电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极功耗为(wei)14W，用(yong)来(lai)控制原边(bian)(bian)绕(rao)组(zu)与电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源之(zhi)间的(de)(de)(de)通、断。当(dang)原边(bian)(bian)绕(rao)组(zu)不(bu)停(ting)的(de)(de)(de)通断时，就(jiu)会在(zai)开(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)变压(ya)器中(zhong)形成变化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)磁场，从(cong)而(er)在(zai)次级绕(rao)组(zu)中(zhong)产(chan)生感应电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)。由于图中(zhong)没有标明(ming)绕(rao)组(zu)的(de)(de)(de)同名端，所以不(bu)能看出是正激式(shi)还(hai)是反激式(shi)。
不过(guo)，从(cong)这(zhei)个(ge)(ge)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)结构(gou)来看(kan)，可以(yi)推测(ce)出来，这(zhei)个(ge)(ge)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源应该是反激(ji)式的(de)(de)。左(zuo)端(duan)的(de)(de)510KΩ为(wei)启动(dong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，给开(kai)关(guan)(guan)管(guan)提供(gong)启动(dong)用(yong)的(de)(de)基(ji)极(ji)(ji)(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。13003下方(fang)的(de)(de)10Ω电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻为(wei)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流取样电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流经(jing)取样后(hou)变成电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(其(qi)值为(wei)10*I)，这(zhei)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)经(jing)二(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)4148后(hou)，加至三(san)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)C945的(de)(de)基(ji)极(ji)(ji)(ji)上(shang)。当取样电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)大(da)约大(da)于1.4V，即(ji)开(kai)关(guan)(guan)管(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大(da)于0.14A时，三(san)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)C945导通，从(cong)而(er)将(jiang)开(kai)关(guan)(guan)管(guan)13003的(de)(de)基(ji)极(ji)(ji)(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)拉(la)低，从(cong)而(er)集电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流减小，这(zhei)样就(jiu)限制了(le)开(kai)关(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，防(fang)止电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流过(guo)大(da)而(er)烧(shao)毁(其(qi)实这(zhei)是一个(ge)(ge)恒流结构(gou)，将(jiang)开(kai)关(guan)(guan)管(guan)的(de)(de)最大(da)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流限制在140mA左(zuo)右)。
变压(ya)(ya)器左下方的绕组(取(qu)(qu)样(yang)绕组)的感应(ying)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)经整(zheng)流二(er)极(ji)管(guan)4148整(zheng)流，22uF电(dian)(dian)容(rong)滤波后形成取(qu)(qu)样(yang)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)。为了(le)分析方便，我们(men)取(qu)(qu)三极(ji)管(guan)C945发射(she)极(ji)一(yi)端为地。那么这(zhei)取(qu)(qu)样(yang)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)就是负(fu)(fu)(fu)的(-4V左右)，并且(qie)输出(chu)(chu)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)越(yue)高时(shi)，采样(yang)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)越(yue)负(fu)(fu)(fu)。取(qu)(qu)样(yang)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)经过6.2V稳压(ya)(ya)二(er)极(ji)管(guan)后，加至开关管(guan)13003的基极(ji)。前面(mian)说了(le)，当输出(chu)(chu)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)越(yue)高时(shi)，那么取(qu)(qu)样(yang)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)就越(yue)负(fu)(fu)(fu)，当负(fu)(fu)(fu)到一(yi)定程度后，6.2V稳压(ya)(ya)二(er)极(ji)管(guan)被击穿(chuan)，从(cong)而(er)将(jiang)开关13003的基极(ji)电(dian)(dian)位拉(la)低，这(zhei)将(jiang)导致开关管(guan)断开或者(zhe)推迟开关的导通，从(cong)而(er)控制(zhi)了(le)能量(liang)输入(ru)到变压(ya)(ya)器中(zhong)，也就控制(zhi)了(le)输出(chu)(chu)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)的升高，实现(xian)了(le)稳压(ya)(ya)输出(chu)(chu)的功能。
而下方的(de)(de)(de)1KΩ电(dian)阻跟(gen)串联的(de)(de)(de)2700pF电(dian)容，则是正反馈支路(lu)，从取(qu)样(yang)绕(rao)(rao)组中(zhong)取(qu)出感应电(dian)压(ya)，加到(dao)开关管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)基极(ji)上，以(yi)(yi)维持振荡。右边的(de)(de)(de)次级(ji)绕(rao)(rao)组就没有太多好说(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)了，经(jing)二(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)RF93整流，220uF电(dian)容滤波后输出6V的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)压(ya)。没找到(dao)二(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)RF93的(de)(de)(de)资料(liao)，估计是一个(ge)快(kuai)速回复管(guan)(guan)，例如(ru)肖特(te)基二(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)等，因为(wei)开关电(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)频(pin)(pin)率较高，所以(yi)(yi)需要工作(zuo)频(pin)(pin)率的(de)(de)(de)二(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)。这里(li)可以(yi)(yi)用常(chang)见的(de)(de)(de)1N5816、1N5817等肖特(te)基二(er)极(ji)管(guan)(guan)代(dai)替。
同样因(yin)为频率(lv)高(gao)(gao)的原因(yin)，变压(ya)器也(ye)必须使用(yong)高(gao)(gao)频开(kai)关(guan)变压(ya)器，铁(tie)心一(yi)般为高(gao)(gao)频铁(tie)氧体磁芯(xin)，具有高(gao)(gao)的电阻率(lv)，以减小涡流。
1.1 一般要求
本(ben)标准对电池(chi)的电路和结构设(she)(she)计提出了一些建议，希望生产厂家在电池(chi)的设(she)(she)计环节能充分考虑到电池(chi)的安(an)全(quan)性。
1.1.1 绝缘与配线
常(chang)见的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)外(wai)壳都(dou)是非(fei)金(jin)属的(de)，但有的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也采用金(jin)属外(wai)壳，后种情况下(xia)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)极终端与(yu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)金(jin)属外(wai)壳之间的(de)绝(jue)缘电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻在500V直流电(dian)(dian)(dian)压下(xia)测量应大于5M&O1527;，除非(fei)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)极终端与(yu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)金(jin)属外(wai)壳有连(lian)通。
手(shou)机(ji)电(dian)池并非(fei)电(dian)池芯(xin)的(de)简单(dan)组(zu)合，电(dian)池芯(xin)之外还有(you)保护电(dian)路(lu)(lu)和(he)控制电(dian)路(lu)(lu)，其内(nei)部配线(xian)及绝(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)应充分满(man)(man)足(zu)预计的(de)最大(da)电(dian)流、电(dian)压和(he)温(wen)度的(de)要(yao)求，配线(xian)的(de)排布应保证(zheng)端子之间(jian)有(you)足(zu)够的(de)间(jian)隙和(he)绝(jue)缘(yuan)(yuan)穿透距离(li)，内(nei)部连(lian)接的(de)整(zheng)体性能应充分满(man)(man)足(zu)可能发生(sheng)误操作(zuo)时(shi)的(de)安全(quan)要(yao)求。
1.1.2 泄放
泄放(fang)的(de)含(han)义(yi)即电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)或电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯内(nei)部(bu)的(de)过高压(ya)(ya)(ya)力在安全(quan)阀处释放(fang)以防止(zhi)(zhi)其破裂或爆(bao)炸。标准要求电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)或电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯在内(nei)部(bu)压(ya)(ya)(ya)力过高达到一定限值时能以一定的(de)速率(lv)将压(ya)(ya)(ya)力泄放(fang)以防止(zhi)(zhi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)破裂、爆(bao)炸和(he)自燃。如(ru)果电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯被封装在外壳内(nei)，则该封装的(de)形式(shi)和(he)封装的(de)方法在正(zheng)常操作过程中不应(ying)引起电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)过热，也不应(ying)约束内(nei)部(bu)压(ya)(ya)(ya)力的(de)泄放(fang)。
1.1.3 温度(du)/电流管理
电(dian)(dian)池(chi)充电(dian)(dian)过程中(zhong)，电(dian)(dian)池(chi)和(he)充电(dian)(dian)器内部(bu)的电(dian)(dian)路都会产生(sheng)热(re)量，若散(san)热(re)不(bu)佳导致热(re)量聚集会影响电(dian)(dian)池(chi)正(zheng)常的化(hua)学反(fan)应过程，造(zao)成电(dian)(dian)池(chi)的热(re)失效，因此，电(dian)(dian)池(chi)的设计应能防(fang)止电(dian)(dian)池(chi)温度的异(yi)常上升。必要时(shi)，电(dian)(dian)池(chi)的充电(dian)(dian)和(he)放电(dian)(dian)应设定安全(quan)限流(liu)，防(fang)止电(dian)(dian)流(liu)过大(da)而(er)产生(sheng)过多热(re)量。
1.1.4 终端连接
电(dian)池(chi)外(wai)(wai)壳应清(qing)晰地标明终(zhong)端(duan)的极性(xing)。终(zhong)端(duan)的尺(chi)寸大小和形状应能(neng)确保(bao)承载预计(ji)的最大电(dian)流。外(wai)(wai)部终(zhong)端(duan)表面应采用机械(xie)性(xing)能(neng)良好并耐腐蚀的导(dao)电(dian)材料(liao)。终(zhong)端(duan)应设计(ji)成最不可能(neng)发生短路的样(yang)式。
1.1.5 电池芯装配成电池
电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)芯与(yu)所装(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容量应紧密匹配(pei)，装(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)在同(tong)一电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)里的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)芯应结构相(xiang)同(tong)，化学成分相(xiang)同(tong)，并且是同(tong)一厂家生(sheng)产(chan)的(de)(de)(de)。不同(tong)厂家生(sheng)产(chan)的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)芯在电(dian)(dian)(dian)解液和电(dian)(dian)(dian)极材(cai)料等方面均会有所差异，如此规定的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)是为了保证装(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)在同(tong)一电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)芯的(de)(de)(de)一致性，防(fang)止落后电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)芯造成整个(ge)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)技术(shu)指(zhi)标和安全性能的(de)(de)(de)下降。
1.2 正(zheng)常使用(yong)时的安全要求
考虑(lv)到试(shi)验的(de)一(yi)致(zhi)性(xing)及各电(dian)池试(shi)验结果具(ju)有可比性(xing)，试(shi)验所用电(dian)池芯或(huo)电(dian)池的(de)生产日期应在3个月(yue)(yue)以内(nei)，但并不表示电(dian)池3个月(yue)(yue)后安全性(xing)能会下降。常态试(shi)验在20℃±5℃的(de)环境温度下进(jin)行。
1.2.1 连续(xu)低倍率充电
完(wan)全充(chong)电的电池芯以额(e)定的低(di)倍率电流0.01C5 A持(chi)续充(chong)电28天后，应不(bu)起火、不(bu)爆炸、不(bu)漏液(ye)。
1.2.2 振动
用完全充电的电池(chi)(chi)芯或电池(chi)(chi)进行X、Y、Z三个方向(xiang)的振(zhen)(zhen)动(dong)试(shi)验(yan)，振(zhen)(zhen)动(dong)源单振(zhen)(zhen)幅0.76mm (双振(zhen)(zhen)幅1.52mm), 频(pin)率变化率1Hz/min, 频(pin)率范(fan)围10Hz到55Hz，往返振(zhen)(zhen)动(dong)90 min±5min后，电池(chi)(chi)应(ying)不(bu)起火、不(bu)爆(bao)炸、不(bu)漏液。
1.2.3 高温(wen)性能
完(wan)全充电(dian)的电(dian)池置于(yu)70℃±2℃恒温箱(xiang)中，保持7小时(shi)，然(ran)后(hou)取出(chu)置于(yu)室(shi)温条(tiao)件下，检(jian)查其(qi)外观，其(qi)外壳应无变(bian)形或其(qi)变(bian)形不会导(dao)致电(dian)池内(nei)部元件暴露出(chu)来。
1.2.4 温度循环
完全充电的电池或(huo)电池芯(xin)置(zhi)于(yu)可强制调温(wen)(wen)的恒温(wen)(wen)箱中，按下列(lie)程序做(zuo) -20℃ 到 +75℃ 的温(wen)(wen)度(du)循环(huan)：
（1）30min内使恒温(wen)(wen)箱的温(wen)(wen)度升到(dao)75℃±2℃，并(bing)在此温(wen)(wen)度下(xia)保持4h；
（2）30min内使(shi)恒温(wen)箱(xiang)的温(wen)度(du)降到20℃±5℃，并在此温(wen)度(du)下保持(chi)2h；
（3）30min内使(shi)恒温箱的温度降到 -20℃±2℃，并在此温度下保持4h；
（4）30min内(nei)使恒温(wen)箱(xiang)的温(wen)度升到20℃±5℃，并在此温(wen)度下保(bao)持2h；
（5）再重(zhong)复(fu)1-4的步骤做4个循(xun)环(huan)；
（6）第5次循环完成(cheng)后，电池保存2h再作检查，应符(fu)合相关要求。
该试验可(ke)以(yi)在一个可(ke)强制调(diao)温(wen)的恒温(wen)箱中进行，也可(ke)以(yi)在3个不(bu)同温(wen)度的恒温(wen)箱之间进行。试验后(hou)，电(dian)池芯或电(dian)池应不(bu)起火(huo)、不(bu)爆炸、不(bu)漏液。
1.2.5 低压(ya)性能
完全(quan)充电的电池芯置于(yu)温度为20℃±5℃ 的真(zhen)空干燥箱中，抽真(zhen)空使气压小于(yu)11.6kpa后保(bao)持6小时后，应不(bu)起火、不(bu)爆炸、不(bu)漏(lou)液。
1.3 可能发生(sheng)误操作时的安全(quan)要求
1.3.1 外部短路
完全充电(dian)(dian)的(de)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)或电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)芯(xin)(xin)分别在20℃±5℃和(he)55℃±5℃的(de)环境(jing)中放置 2h。然后，用(yong)连(lian)线短接每个电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)芯(xin)(xin)或电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)正负极终端并(bing)确保全部外部电(dian)(dian)阻小于(yu)100mΩ。短接后，保持24h，到(dao)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)芯(xin)(xin)或电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)外壳的(de)温(wen)度下降到(dao)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)芯(xin)(xin)或电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)原始温(wen)度+电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)芯(xin)(xin)或电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)短路后的(de)最大温(wen)升×20%。试(shi)验(yan)后，电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)或电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)芯(xin)(xin)应不起火、不爆炸。
1.3.2 自(zi)由跌落(luo)
完(wan)全充电的电池芯或电池以任意方式(shi)从1米(mi)高处自由跌落到水泥(ni)地面3次后，应不起火、不爆炸。
1.3.3 机(ji)械碰撞
在20℃±5℃环境中，完全充电的(de)电池承受X、Y、Z三个(ge)方(fang)向的(de)碰撞。如(ru)果电池只有两个(ge)对称轴，只作两个(ge)方(fang)向的(de)碰撞。在最初3ms内的(de)平均加速(su)度应(ying)(ying)≥75gn，最高加速(su)度应(ying)(ying)在125gn 和 175gn之(zhi)间。碰撞1000次±10次后，电池应(ying)(ying)不(bu)起火、不(bu)爆炸(zha)、不(bu)漏液。
1.3.4 热冲击(ji)
完全充(chong)电(dian)的电(dian)池芯，置于一个(ge)烘箱中加(jia)热。烘箱的温度以（5±2）℃/min的速率(lv)上升至130℃±2℃，保(bao)持10min，电(dian)池芯应不起(qi)火、不爆炸。
1.3.5 耐挤(ji)压性能
完(wan)全充(chong)电(dian)(dian)的(de)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯(xin)置于两(liang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)行(xing)平(ping)(ping)(ping)板间(jian)，施加挤压(ya)(ya)力(li)为13kN±1kN，一旦达到最大压(ya)(ya)力(li)或压(ya)(ya)力(li)突然下降1/3，即可卸压(ya)(ya)。对圆形(xing)(xing)或方形(xing)(xing)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯(xin)进(jin)行(xing)挤压(ya)(ya)试验(yan)时，要使电(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯(xin)的(de)纵轴(zhou)与挤压(ya)(ya)设备扁平(ping)(ping)(ping)表面(mian)(mian)保(bao)持平(ping)(ping)(ping)行(xing)。方形(xing)(xing)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯(xin)要沿其纵轴(zhou)旋转90°，以便电(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯(xin)的(de)宽(kuan)边和窄边都(dou)能受到挤压(ya)(ya)的(de)作用，外壳为铝(lv)塑(su)复合膜的(de)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯(xin)只做宽(kuan)面(mian)(mian)的(de)挤压(ya)(ya)。试验(yan)后，电(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯(xin)应(ying)不起火、不爆炸。
1.3.6 冲击
完全充(chong)电(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯(xin)置于(yu)一(yi)个(ge)扁(bian)平(ping)表面(mian)上(shang)，将一(yi)个(ge)半(ban)径为8mm、质量为10kg的(de)(de)棒垂直置于(yu)样(yang)品(pin)中心的(de)(de)正(zheng)上(shang)方(fang)，从600mm 高度处(chu)落下作(zuo)用(yong)到样(yang)品(pin)上(shang)。圆柱(zhu)形(xing)或(huo)方(fang)形(xing)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯(xin)在接(jie)受(shou)冲(chong)击(ji)试(shi)(shi)(shi)验时，其(qi)纵轴(zhou)要(yao)平(ping)行于(yu)扁(bian)平(ping)表面(mian)，垂直于(yu)棒的(de)(de)纵轴(zhou)。方(fang)形(xing)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯(xin)要(yao)沿其(qi)纵轴(zhou)旋转90°以(yi)便(bian)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯(xin)的(de)(de)宽边(bian)和窄边(bian)都能受(shou)到冲(chong)击(ji)作(zuo)用(yong)。外壳为铝(lv)塑复(fu)合(he)膜的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯(xin)只做宽面(mian)的(de)(de)冲(chong)击(ji)试(shi)(shi)(shi)验。每(mei)只样(yang)品(pin)只能接(jie)受(shou)一(yi)次冲(chong)击(ji)试(shi)(shi)(shi)验，每(mei)次试(shi)(shi)(shi)验只能使用(yong)一(yi)只样(yang)品(pin)。试(shi)(shi)(shi)验后，电(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯(xin)应不起火、不爆炸(zha)。
1.3.7 过充(chong)性(xing)能
完全放电(dian)(dian)的(de)电(dian)(dian)池芯，以≥10V的(de)电(dian)(dian)压、0.2C5A的(de)电(dian)(dian)流充电(dian)(dian)12.5h后，应不(bu)起火(huo)、不(bu)爆炸。
1.3.8 强制放(fang)电性能
完全放(fang)电的电池芯(xin)承受1C5A电流强(qiang)制放(fang)电90min后(hou)，应不起火(huo)、不爆(bao)炸。
外部短路试(shi)(shi)验(yan)(yan)、自由跌(die)落试(shi)(shi)验(yan)(yan)、热(re)冲(chong)击试(shi)(shi)验(yan)(yan)、耐挤压性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)试(shi)(shi)验(yan)(yan)、冲(chong)击试(shi)(shi)验(yan)(yan)、过充(chong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)试(shi)(shi)验(yan)(yan)、强制放电性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)试(shi)(shi)验(yan)(yan)是破坏性(xing)(xing)(xing)试(shi)(shi)验(yan)(yan)，电池或电池芯的外壳均可能(neng)(neng)(neng)发生(sheng)变化，漏液很难(nan)避免，但尚未影响安全性(xing)(xing)(xing)，因此标准中对这些(xie)试(shi)(shi)验(yan)(yan)没有要(yao)求不(bu)漏液。
1.4 安全标识
安全标(biao)识的(de)作用应引起足够的(de)重(zhong)视，电(dian)池本(ben)身应具有安全警示(shi)，并且(qie)附加(jia)适当的(de)警告(gao)声明，需检(jian)查确认(ren)标(biao)识的(de)一致(zhi)性。另外(wai)，电(dian)池的(de)说(shuo)明书中应写清合适的(de)使(shi)用指导和推荐的(de)充电(dian)方法等。
市(shi)场上(shang)的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)形色(se)各异(yi)，有的(de)使用(yong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)线(xian)(xian)(xian)，有的(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)使用(yong)。直接插入式(shi)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)使用(yong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)线(xian)(xian)(xian)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)插头和充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)外壳构成一完整部(bu)件，其重量(liang)靠墙上(shang)插座来承载，市(shi)场上(shang)常见的(de)“坐充(chong)”就是(shi)这类充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。使用(yong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)线(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，与电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)连(lian)接的(de)方式(shi)又(you)分两(liang)种：可(ke)(ke)拆卸的(de)和不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)拆卸的(de)。可(ke)(ke)拆卸的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)软线(xian)(xian)(xian)利用(yong)适(shi)当的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)连(lian)接器(qi)与充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)连(lian)接以供电(dian)(dian)(dian)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)拆卸的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)软线(xian)(xian)(xian)固定(ding)在充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)上(shang)或(huo)与充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)装(zhuang)配在一起来供电(dian)(dian)(dian)。
市(shi)(shi)场中有的(de)产品称为(wei)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，但实际上(shang)是(shi)适配器，我们有必(bi)要区分这(zhei)两(liang)种功(gong)能(neng)(neng)。适配器主(zhu)要是(shi)把交流(liu)(liu)市(shi)(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)转换成(cheng)直流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，根(gen)据电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)规格提供相应的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，一(yi)般采(cai)用(yong)恒(heng)压恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)方(fang)式(shi)，能(neng)(neng)够隔离主(zhu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压和危险(xian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压，对(dui)市(shi)(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波动有一(yi)定耐受(shou)力，需(xu)要时(shi)可(ke)安(an)(an)全关断(duan)。而(er)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)主(zhu)要功(gong)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)把充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)限制(zhi)在一(yi)个安(an)(an)全水平上(shang)，主(zhu)要采(cai)用(yong)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)方(fang)式(shi)，能(neng)(neng)检测充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)完(wan)成(cheng)，根(gen)据某种算(suan)法(fa)终止充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以延长电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)寿命，若发现电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)异常可(ke)终止充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。这(zhei)两(liang)种功(gong)能(neng)(neng)可(ke)分别实现，也可(ke)组合在一(yi)个物理实体中。GSM手机通常包含充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，与手机配套的(de)只需(xu)适配器，而(er)CDMA手机往(wang)往(wang)不包含充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，这(zhei)样减(jian)少了手机设计的(de)复杂性和工(gong)作状态时(shi)产生的(de)热量(liang)。理解这(zhei)些概念有助于更有针对(dui)性地使用(yong)该标准。
2.1交流输入电压
充电(dian)器的额定(ding)输入电(dian)压为(wei)(wei)交(jiao)流(liu)220 V，频率(lv)为(wei)(wei)50 Hz，为(wei)(wei)了保证安全性，充电(dian)器应能承受市电(dian)一定(ding)范(fan)围(wei)内的波(bo)动，标(biao)准(zhun)中要求的电(dian)压波(bo)动范(fan)围(wei)是其额定(ding)值的85 ％～110 ％，频率(lv)的波(bo)动范(fan)围(wei)是±2 Hz。
2.2 电源(yuan)线组件
（1）电(dian)源线(xian)组件(jian)应符合(he)GB2099的(de)要求(qiu)；
（2）电源(yuan)线组件的(de)额(e)定(ding)值应(ying)大于(yu)充电器电源(yuan)要求的(de)额(e)定(ding)值；
（3）电(dian)源软线的导线截(jie)面积(ji)应不(bu)小于0.75mm2；
（4）电(dian)源(yuan)线组件(jian)中的电(dian)源(yuan)软线应符合下列要求：
*如果电(dian)源软线是橡皮绝缘，则应(ying)是合成橡胶(jiao)，应(ying)符合GB5013对(dui)通用橡胶(jiao)护(hu)套软电(dian)缆的要求；
*如果电(dian)源软线是聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)绝缘的，应符合GB5023对轻型聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)护套软线的要(yao)求。
2.3 隔离变压(ya)器
安(an)全隔离变压(ya)器在构造上应保(bao)证在出现单一(yi)绝(jue)缘故(gu)障(zhang)和由此引(yin)起的其他故(gu)障(zhang)时，不会使(shi)安(an)全特低电(dian)压(ya)绕组上出现危险电(dian)压(ya)。隔离变压(ya)器应按照(zhao)GB4943中附录C的有关(guan)规定进行试验。
2.4 说明和标牌的(de)要求
2.4.1 一(yi)般要求
厂(chang)家应向用户提供足够的(de)资(zi)料，以确保用户在按厂(chang)家的(de)规定使(shi)(shi)用时，不(bu)(bu)会引(yin)起本标(biao)准(zhun)(zhun)范围内的(de)危险(xian)。应使(shi)(shi)用标(biao)准(zhun)(zhun)简体(ti)中文(wen)书(shu)写(xie)。标(biao)记(ji)(ji)应是耐久和醒目的(de)，能承(cheng)受(shou)标(biao)记(ji)(ji)耐久性试验。首先(xian)用一(yi)(yi)块蘸(zhan)有水的(de)棉布擦(ca)拭(shi)15s，然后再用一(yi)(yi)块蘸(zhan)有汽油的(de)棉布擦(ca)拭(shi)15s，标(biao)牌应清晰，不(bu)(bu)应轻易(yi)被揭掉，不(bu)(bu)应出现卷边。
2.4.2 说明书
厂家应提(ti)供必(bi)要(yao)的使用(yong)说(shuo)明书，对充电器在(zai)操作(zuo)、维修、运(yun)输或储存时有可能引起危险(xian)的情况提(ti)醒用(yong)户特别注(zhu)意。
2.5 结构设计(ji)要(yao)求
2.5.1 稳定(ding)性
直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)插(cha)在墙壁插(cha)座(zuo)上(shang)、靠插(cha)脚来(lai)承载其重(zhong)量的(de)充电器，不应(ying)(ying)使墙壁插(cha)座(zuo)承受过大的(de)应(ying)(ying)力(li)。可(ke)通(tong)过插(cha)座(zuo)应(ying)(ying)力(li)试验检(jian)验其是否合格。充电器应(ying)(ying)按正常使用情况，插(cha)入到一个已(yi)固定(ding)好的(de)没有(you)接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)接(jie)(jie)(jie)触件(jian)的(de)插(cha)座(zuo)上(shang)，该(gai)插(cha)座(zuo)可(ke)以围(wei)绕位于插(cha)座(zuo)啮(nie)合面(mian)后面(mian)8mm的(de)距离(li)处，与管件(jian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)触件(jian)中(zhong)心线相交的(de)水平轴线转动(dong)。为保持啮(nie)合面(mian)垂直(zhi)而必须(xu)加到插(cha)座(zuo)上(shang)的(de)附加力(li)矩不应(ying)(ying)超过0.25Nm。
2.5.2 结构细节
电(dian)池极性接反以及强(qiang)制(zhi)充(chong)电(dian)或放电(dian)可能导致危险，所以在设计上应(ying)有防(fang)止极性接反以及防(fang)止强(qiang)制(zhi)充(chong)放电(dian)的措(cuo)施。将(jiang)起保(bao)护作用的任何元件一次(ci)一个(ge)地短路或开路，并强(qiang)迫充(chong)放电(dian)各(ge)2小时，充(chong)电(dian)器应(ying)不起火、不爆炸。
2.5.3 防触及(ji)(ji)性（电击及(ji)(ji)能量(liang)危险）
充电器(qi)正常使用(yong)时应具(ju)有防触及性，防止电击及能量危险(xian)。
如果特低电(dian)压电(dian)路的外部配线的绝(jue)缘是操作人员可触及的，则该配线应：
*不会受到损(sun)坏(huai)或承(cheng)受应力(li)；
*不需要(yao)操作人员接触。
2.5.4 连接布线
（1）对使用(yong)不可拆卸的电(dian)源软线(xian)的充(chong)电(dian)器应(ying)装有紧固(gu)装置：
*导线在连(lian)接点不承受应力；
*导线的外套(tao)不(bu)受(shou)磨损；
*电源软线应能承受拉(la)力试验，电源软线应承受30N的(de)稳定拉(la)力25次，拉(la)力沿最不(bu)利(li)的(de)方向(xiang)施加，每次施加时间为1s，电源软线应不(bu)被拉(la)断；
*电源软线紧固装(zhuang)置(zhi)应由绝(jue)缘(yuan)材(cai)料制成(cheng)(cheng)，或由具有(you)符合附加绝(jue)缘(yuan)要求的绝(jue)缘(yuan)材(cai)料的衬套制成(cheng)(cheng)。
（2） 电源软(ruan)线(xian)入口(kou)(kou)开孔处应装有软(ruan)线(xian)入口(kou)(kou)护套(tao)，或(huo)者软(ruan)线(xian)入口(kou)(kou)或(huo)衬套(tao)应具有光(guang)滑圆形的喇(la)叭口(kou)(kou)，喇(la)叭口(kou)(kou)的曲率(lv)半径至少(shao)等于所连接最大截面积的软(ruan)线(xian)外径的1.5倍。
软(ruan)线入口护(hu)套应：
*设计成(cheng)防(fang)止软(ruan)线在(zai)进入(ru)充(chong)电器入(ru)口(kou)处过分弯曲；
*用绝(jue)缘材料制成；
*采用可靠的方法固定(ding)；
*伸(shen)出充电器外超过入口开孔的(de)距(ju)离至少为(wei)该(gai)软(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)线(xian)外径的(de)5倍，或者(zhe)对扁(bian)平软(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)线(xian)，至少为(wei)该(gai)软(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)线(xian)截面长边尺(chi)寸的(de)5倍。
2.6 外壳(qiao)表面
当用(yong)(yong)户碰触到电池(chi)(chi)外(wai)(wai)(wai)壳(qiao)(qiao)时(shi)，其(qi)温度(du)(du)不应造(zao)成用(yong)(yong)户的突(tu)然反(fan)应使他受伤，人对(dui)温度(du)(du)的反(fan)应不仅(jin)是度(du)(du)数的高低，还(hai)取决(jue)于外(wai)(wai)(wai)壳(qiao)(qiao)材(cai)料的传导特性和热容(rong)量，60℃的金属(shu)外(wai)(wai)(wai)壳(qiao)(qiao)比70℃的塑料外(wai)(wai)(wai)壳(qiao)(qiao)感觉要(yao)烫(tang)，UL和IEC的相关标准中对(dui)非金属(shu)外(wai)(wai)(wai)壳(qiao)(qiao)温升(sheng)的规定(ding)不超过50℃，而手机电池(chi)(chi)的外(wai)(wai)(wai)壳(qiao)(qiao)绝(jue)大(da)部(bu)分是非金属(shu)材(cai)料，因此本标准借鉴了该规定(ding)，要(yao)求如下：充电器额定(ding)工作2小(xiao)时(shi)后，测量其(qi)外(wai)(wai)(wai)壳(qiao)(qiao)表(biao)面温度(du)(du)变化小(xiao)于1℃/h即认为温度(du)(du)稳(wen)定(ding)，此时(shi)测量其(qi)外(wai)(wai)(wai)壳(qiao)(qiao)表(biao)面温升(sheng)应小(xiao)于50℃。
2.7 输出短(duan)路(lu)保护
充电器(qi)应有短路(lu)(lu)的自动(dong)保护(hu)功(gong)能。将充电器(qi)输(shu)出短路(lu)(lu)，充电器(qi)应能自动(dong)保护(hu)，故障(zhang)排除后应能自动(dong)恢复工作。
2.8 绝缘(yuan)电阻
在常(chang)温(wen)条件下(xia)，用绝缘电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)测试仪直流(liu)500 V电(dian)(dian)(dian)压，对(dui)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)器主回路(lu)(lu)的(de)一(yi)次电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)对(dui)外壳、二(er)次电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)对(dui)外壳及一(yi)次电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)对(dui)二(er)次电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)进行测试，充电(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)绝缘电(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)应不低于2 MΩ。
2.9 绝缘强度(du)
用耐(nai)压测试(shi)(shi)仪对充电器进(jin)行绝(jue)(jue)缘强(qiang)度试(shi)(shi)验，且充电器必须是在(zai)进(jin)行完绝(jue)(jue)缘电阻试(shi)(shi)验并符(fu)合要求后才(cai)能进(jin)行绝(jue)(jue)缘强(qiang)度的试(shi)(shi)验。
一(yi)次(ci)(ci)电(dian)路对外壳、一(yi)次(ci)(ci)电(dian)路对二次(ci)(ci)电(dian)路应(ying)能承(cheng)受(shou)50 Hz、有效值(zhi)为(wei)1500 V的交流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)（漏(lou)电(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)≤10 mA），二次(ci)(ci)电(dian)路对外壳应(ying)能承(cheng)受(shou)50 Hz、有效值(zhi)为(wei)500 V的交流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)（漏(lou)电(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)≤10 mA），应(ying)无(wu)击穿与无(wu)飞(fei)弧(hu)现象(xiang)。试验电(dian)压(ya)(ya)应(ying)从小于一(yi)半规定(ding)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)值(zhi)处逐步(bu)升高，达(da)到规定(ding)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)值(zhi)时持续1 min。
2.10 异常(chang)工作及故障条件下(xia)的(de)要求
充电器的(de)设计(ji)应(ying)能尽可能限制因机械、电气(qi)过载或(huo)故(gu)障(zhang)、异常(chang)工作或(huo)使用(yong)不当而造成起火(huo)或(huo)电击危险。变压器过载试验按照GB4943中附(fu)录C1的(de)要求进(jin)行。可模拟下列故(gu)障(zhang)条件(jian)：
*一次电路中任何元器件的(de)失效；
*二次电路中(zhong)任(ren)何(he)元器(qi)件的失效。
2.11 材(cai)料的可燃性要求
充电器(qi)外壳和印(yin)制(zhi)板及元(yuan)器(qi)件所(suo)用的(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)应能使引(yin)(yin)燃(ran)(ran)危险和火(huo)焰蔓延减小(xiao)到最低限度，为V－2级(ji)(ji)或(huo)更优等级(ji)(ji)。在(zai)(zai)进行耐(nai)热(re)(re)及防(fang)火(huo)试验(yan)时(shi)(shi)，V-0级(ji)(ji)材(cai)料(liao)可以燃(ran)(ran)烧(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)或(huo)灼(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)热(re)(re)，但(dan)(dan)其持续(xu)时(shi)(shi)间平(ping)均不(bu)(bu)超过(guo)5s，在(zai)(zai)燃(ran)(ran)烧(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)时(shi)(shi)所(suo)释(shi)放(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)灼(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)热(re)(re)微粒(li)或(huo)燃(ran)(ran)烧(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)滴落物(wu)不(bu)(bu)会使脱脂棉引(yin)(yin)燃(ran)(ran)。V-1级(ji)(ji)材(cai)料(liao)可以燃(ran)(ran)烧(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)或(huo)灼(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)热(re)(re)，但(dan)(dan)其持续(xu)时(shi)(shi)间平(ping)均不(bu)(bu)超过(guo)25s，在(zai)(zai)燃(ran)(ran)烧(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)时(shi)(shi)所(suo)释(shi)放(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)灼(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)热(re)(re)微粒(li)或(huo)燃(ran)(ran)烧(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)滴落物(wu)不(bu)(bu)会使脱脂棉引(yin)(yin)燃(ran)(ran)。V-2级(ji)(ji)材(cai)料(liao)可以燃(ran)(ran)烧(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)或(huo)灼(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)热(re)(re)，但(dan)(dan)其持续(xu)时(shi)(shi)间平(ping)均不(bu)(bu)超过(guo)25s，在(zai)(zai)燃(ran)(ran)烧(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)时(shi)(shi)所(suo)释(shi)放(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)灼(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)热(re)(re)微粒(li)或(huo)燃(ran)(ran)烧(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)滴落物(wu)会使脱脂棉引(yin)(yin)燃(ran)(ran)。进行本试验(yan)时(shi)(shi)可能会冒出有毒的(de)(de)烟雾，在(zai)(zai)适用的(de)(de)情况下，试验(yan)可以在(zai)(zai)通风柜中进行，或(huo)者在(zai)(zai)通风良好的(de)(de)房间内进行，但(dan)(dan)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)能出现(xian)可能使试验(yan)结果(guo)无效(xiao)的(de)(de)气流。
试验(yan)火(huo)(huo)焰(yan)(yan)应(ying)利用本(ben)生灯(deng)获得，本(ben)生灯(deng)灯(deng)管(guan)内(nei)径为9.5mm±0.5mm，灯(deng)管(guan)长度(du)从空(kong)气主进口(kou)处向上约(yue)为100mm。本(ben)生灯(deng)要使(shi)用热值约(yue)为37MJ/m3的(de)(de)燃气。应(ying)调节本(ben)生灯(deng)的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)焰(yan)(yan)，使(shi)本(ben)生灯(deng)处于垂直位置，同(tong)时空(kong)气进气口(kou)关闭时，火(huo)(huo)焰(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)总高度(du)约(yue)为20mm。火(huo)(huo)焰(yan)(yan)顶端应(ying)与(yu)样品接(jie)触，烧(shao)30s，然后移(yi)动火(huo)(huo)焰(yan)(yan)停烧(shao)60s，再在(zai)同(tong)一部位烧(shao)30s。
在试验(yan)期(qi)间，当试验(yan)火(huo)焰第二次撤(che)离后，样品延(yan)续燃烧(shao)不(bu)(bu)应超(chao)过1min，且样品不(bu)(bu)应完全烧(shao)尽(jin)。
2.12 自由跌落试验(yan)
充电器(qi)从1m高度处自由跌(die)落到硬(ying)木表面3次(ci)，其表面应(ying)无裂痕等损坏。
2.13 湿热试验
试(shi)验(yan)方法(fa)按(an)GB/T 2423.9 – 2001 中“试(shi)验(yan) Cb” 的(de)(de)要求(qiu)进行。产(chan)品无包(bao)装，试(shi)验(yan)严酷(ku)等级为：温度 40 ℃±2 ℃，相(xiang)对湿度（93±3）％RH，试(shi)验(yan)持(chi)续时间为2 d。试(shi)验(yan)后应符合(he)4.7.2的(de)(de)要求(qiu)。
3 小结(jie)
本(ben)标准在制订过程中借鉴(jian)了(le)国(guo)际相关(guan)标准，如(ru)IEC62133、IEC61960、UL1642、UL2045等，参考了(le)GB 4943 – 2001《信(xin)息技(ji)(ji)术(shu)设备的安全》等标准，力(li)求(qiu)(qiu)标准条款适合我(wo)国(guo)国(guo)情，试验方(fang)法(fa)具有(you)可操作性(xing)。本(ben)标准在编制过程中遵(zun)循了(le)《ISO技(ji)(ji)术(shu)工作导则》中的可证(zheng)实(shi)原则:即规定(ding)(ding)的技(ji)(ji)术(shu)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)能(neng)用试验方(fang)法(fa)加以(yi)论证(zheng),若(ruo)暂时没有(you)科学的方(fang)法(fa)进行试验或检验,以(yi)及不能(neng)稳(wen)定(ding)(ding)可靠地(di)得出确切(qie)检验结果时,就不将(jiang)这样的条款列进标准。
部(bu)分(fen)安(an)(an)(an)全试验分(fen)别(bie)(bie)针(zhen)对(dui)锂(li)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)和(he)锂(li)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯，因(yin)此(ci)该(gai)(gai)标准(zhun)对(dui)锂(li)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)和(he)锂(li)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)芯分(fen)别(bie)(bie)进行了定义。充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全性(xing)不能(neng)仅(jin)仅(jin)通(tong)过输(shu)出特性(xing)的(de)检查来确定，因(yin)为输(shu)出特性(xing)良好并不能(neng)保障充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)可靠性(xing)，所(suo)以(yi)该(gai)(gai)标准(zhun)规(gui)定对(dui)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)全面性(xing)能(neng)进行考(kao)察，包括(kuo)对(dui)变压器(qi)(qi)(qi)、电(dian)(dian)源线等(deng)元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全要求和(he)结构设计要求。充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)应保证在故障条件下(xia)都不对(dui)人身(shen)安(an)(an)(an)全构成(cheng)威胁，所(suo)以(yi)该(gai)(gai)标准(zhun)对(dui)此(ci)做了规(gui)定。充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)除应具有(you)电(dian)(dian)气防(fang)(fang)护功(gong)能(neng)外，也应具有(you)防(fang)(fang)火(huo)(huo)防(fang)(fang)护功(gong)能(neng)，根据同(tong)类产品的(de)要求，该(gai)(gai)标准(zhun)将(jiang)其(qi)防(fang)(fang)火(huo)(huo)材料等(deng)级(ji)规(gui)定为V-2级(ji)。
锂(li)(li)(li)离子电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)工作机理是：电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)，正极(ji)(ji)材料(liao)中(zhong)的(de)锂(li)(li)(li)形成离子溶(rong)出，嵌入到负极(ji)(ji)改(gai)性石墨层中(zhong);电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)，锂(li)(li)(li)离子从(cong)石墨层中(zhong)脱嵌，穿过(guo)隔(ge)离膜回填(tian)到正极(ji)(ji)钴(gu)氧化(hua)锂(li)(li)(li)的(de)层状结构中(zhong)。随(sui)充(chong)放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)进行锂(li)(li)(li)离子不断的(de)从(cong)正极(ji)(ji)和负极(ji)(ji)中(zhong)嵌入和脱出，所以(yi)也有人称其为“摇椅电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)”锂(li)(li)(li)离子电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)单体的(de)额定(ding)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压为 3.6V,充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)限(xian)制电(dian)(dian)(dian)压为 4.2V，放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)限(xian)制电(dian)(dian)(dian)压为 2.5V
锂离子电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)过程分(fen)为(wei)两(liang)个(ge)(ge)步骤：先是(shi)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，其电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流恒(heng)(heng)(heng)定，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)不(bu)断升(sheng)高，当电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)到 4.2V 的(de)(de)时(shi)候(hou)自动转换为(wei)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)压(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)压(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)定，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流是(shi)越(yue)来越(yue)小的(de)(de)直到充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流小于预(yu)先设定值为(wei)止(zhi)，所以(yi)有人用(yong)直充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)对手机电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)进行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)时(shi)候(hou)明明电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量显(xian)示已经(jing)满格了，可(ke)是(shi)还是(shi)显(xian)示正在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，其实这(zhei)个(ge)(ge)时(shi)候(hou)的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)已经(jing)达到了 4.2V 所以(yi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量显(xian)示为(wei)满格，那(nei)时(shi)就是(shi)在(zai)进行(xing)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)压(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)过程，那(nei)么(me)有人也(ye)许(xu)会问(wen)，为(wei)什么(me)要(yao)进行(xing)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)压(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)呢，直接(jie)(jie)用(yong)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)到 4.2V 不(bu)就行(xing)了吗，其实很(hen)容易解释，因(yin)为(wei)每一个(ge)(ge)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)都有一定的(de)(de)内(nei)阻(zu)(zu)，当用(yong)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流进行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到 4.2V 的(de)(de)时(shi)候(hou)，这(zhei)个(ge)(ge) 4.2V 其实并不(bu)是(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)实际(ji)的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，而是(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)加上(shang)(shang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)内(nei)阻(zu)(zu)上(shang)(shang)消耗的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)之和，如果(guo)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流很(hen)大那(nei)么(me)在(zai)内(nei)阻(zu)(zu)上(shang)(shang)消耗的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)也(ye)就很(hen)大，所以(yi)那(nei)是(shi)实际(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)可(ke)能(neng)比 4.2V 小很(hen)多，所以(yi)要(yao)用(yong)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)压(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)过程，把充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流慢(man)慢(man)降下来，这(zhei)样电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)实际(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)就很(hen)接(jie)(jie)近 4.2V 。
详细(xi)介绍了一种开(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)型充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，该充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)采(cai)用了RCC型开(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，即振荡(dang)抑制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)型变换器(qi)(qi)(qi)，它与PWM型开(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)有一定的(de)(de)区别。PWM型开(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)由(you)(you)独立的(de)(de)取样误差放大器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)直流放大器(qi)(qi)(qi)组成脉(mai)宽调制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系统(tong);而RCC型开(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)只是(shi)由(you)(you)稳压(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)组成电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)开(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)过程(cheng)为振荡(dang)状态(tai)和(he)抑制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)状态(tai)。由(you)(you)于PWM型开(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)中的(de)(de)开(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)总是(shi)周期性(xing)的(de)(de)通(tong)断(duan)，系统(tong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)只是(shi)改变每个(ge)周期的(de)(de)脉(mai)冲宽度，而RCC型开(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)过程(cheng)并(bing)非(fei)线性(xing)连续变化，它只有两个(ge)状态(tai)：当开(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)输(shu)(shu)出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)超过额(e)定值时(shi)(shi)，脉(mai)冲控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)输(shu)(shu)出低电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)，开(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)截止(zhi);当开(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)输(shu)(shu)出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)低于额(e)定值时(shi)(shi)，脉(mai)冲控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)输(shu)(shu)出高电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)，开(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)导通(tong)。当负(fu)(fu)载(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流减小时(shi)(shi)，滤(lv)波电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)放电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)(shi)间(jian)延长，输(shu)(shu)出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)不会很(hen)快(kuai)降(jiang)低，开(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)处于截止(zhi)状态(tai)，直到输(shu)(shu)出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)降(jiang)低到额(e)定值以(yi)下，开(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)才会再次导通(tong)。开(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)的(de)(de)截止(zhi)时(shi)(shi)间(jian)取决(jue)于负(fu)(fu)载(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)大小。开(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)的(de)(de)导通(tong)/截止(zhi)由(you)(you)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)(ping)开(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)从输(shu)(shu)出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)取样进行控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。因此这种电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)也称非(fei)周期性(xing)开(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)关(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。
20V市(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)经(jing)VD1～VD4桥(qiao)式整流(liu)(liu)后(hou)在V2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集(ji)(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)上形(xing)成一(yi)个300V左(zuo)右(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。由V2和开(kai)关变(bian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)组(zu)成间(jian)(jian)(jian)歇振(zhen)(zhen)荡(dang)器(qi)。开(kai)机(ji)后(hou)，300V直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)经(jing)过变(bian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)初级加(jia)到V2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集(ji)(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)，同时(shi)该(gai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)还经(jing)启动电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R2为(wei)V2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)极(ji)提供一(yi)个偏置电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。由于正反馈(kui)作用(yong)，V2 Ic迅(xun)速(su)上升而饱和，在V2进入截(jie)止(zhi)期间(jian)(jian)(jian)，开(kai)关变(bian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)次级绕组(zu)产生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感应电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)使VD7导(dao)(dao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，向负(fu)载输出(chu)一(yi)个9V左(zuo)右(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。开(kai)关变(bian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反馈(kui)绕组(zu)产生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感应脉冲(chong)经(jing)VD5整流(liu)(liu)、C1滤波后(hou)产生一(yi)个与振(zhen)(zhen)荡(dang)脉冲(chong)个数呈(cheng)正比的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。此电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)若超过稳压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)管VD17的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稳压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值，VD17便导(dao)(dao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，此负(fu)极(ji)性(xing)整流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)便加(jia)在V2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)极(ji)，使其迅(xun)速(su)截(jie)止(zhi)。V2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)截(jie)止(zhi)时(shi)间(jian)(jian)(jian)与其输出(chu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)呈(cheng)反比。VD17的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)导(dao)(dao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)/截(jie)止(zhi)直(zhi)接(jie)受(shou)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)网电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和负(fu)载的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)响(xiang)。电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)网电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)越(yue)低或负(fu)载电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)越(yue)大，VD17的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)导(dao)(dao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)时(shi)间(jian)(jian)(jian)越(yue)短，V2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)导(dao)(dao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)时(shi)间(jian)(jian)(jian)越(yue)长，反之，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)网电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)越(yue)高或负(fu)载电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)越(yue)小，VD5的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)越(yue)高，VD17的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)导(dao)(dao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)时(shi)间(jian)(jian)(jian)越(yue)长，V2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)导(dao)(dao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)时(shi)间(jian)(jian)(jian)越(yue)短。V1是(shi)过流(liu)(liu)保(bao)护(hu)管，R5是(shi)V2 Ie的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)取(qu)(qu)样(yang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。当(dang)V2 Ie过大时(shi)，R5上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)使V1导(dao)(dao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，V2截(jie)止(zhi)，可(ke)有(you)效消除开(kai)机(ji)瞬间(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冲(chong)击电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，同时(shi)对VD17的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)功能也(ye)是(shi)一(yi)种补(bu)偿。VD17以(yi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)取(qu)(qu)样(yang)来控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)V2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)振(zhen)(zhen)荡(dang)时(shi)间(jian)(jian)(jian)，而V1是(shi)以(yi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)取(qu)(qu)样(yang)来控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)V2振(zhen)(zhen)荡(dang)时(shi)间(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。
如果是(shi)为(wei)镍(nie)(nie)镉、镍(nie)(nie)氢(qing)(qing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，由于(yu)这(zhei)类电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)存在(zai)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)记忆效应，需不定(ding)时(shi)(shi)(shi)对其进行(xing)放(fang)(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。SW1是(shi)镍(nie)(nie)镉、镍(nie)(nie)氢(qing)(qing)、锂(li)离(li)子电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)转(zhuan)换开关。SW1与精(jing)密(mi)基(ji)准电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)SL431为(wei)运放(fang)(fang)LM324⑨提(ti)(ti)供两个(ge)(ge)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)密(mi)基(ji)准源(yuan)，由SW1切换。在(zai)给(ji)镍(nie)(nie)镉、镍(nie)(nie)氢(qing)(qing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)(shi)(shi)，LM324⑨脚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)准电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)约0。09V(空载(zai));在(zai)给(ji)锂(li)离(li)子电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)(shi)(shi)，LM324⑨脚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)准电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)约为(wei)0。08V(空载(zai))，这(zhei)种(zhong)设(she)计(ji)是(shi)由这(zhei)两种(zhong)类型(xing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)特(te)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化学特(te)性决(jue)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。按(an)下(xia)SW2，V5基(ji)极瞬间(jian)得一(yi)低电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)而导(dao)通(tong)(tong)，可充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)残(can)余(yu)(yu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)通(tong)(tong)过(guo)V5的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)ec极在(zai)R17上(shang)放(fang)(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同(tong)时(shi)(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)指示灯VD14点(dian)亮(liang)。在(zai)按(an)下(xia)SW2后会随(sui)即(ji)释(shi)放(fang)(fang)，这(zhei)时(shi)(shi)(shi)可充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)残(can)余(yu)(yu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)通(tong)(tong)过(guo)R16、R13分(fen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)，C9滤波后为(wei)V4的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)极提(ti)(ti)供一(yi)个(ge)(ge)高电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)，V4导(dao)通(tong)(tong)，这(zhei)相当于(yu)短接SW2。随(sui)着(zhe)放(fang)(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)(shi)(shi)间(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)延长(zhang)，可充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)残(can)余(yu)(yu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)也越(yue)(yue)来越(yue)(yue)低，当V4基(ji)极上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)不能维持其继续导(dao)通(tong)(tong)时(shi)(shi)(shi)，V4截止(zhi)，放(fang)(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)终止(zhi)，充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)随(sui)即(ji)转(zhuan)入充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)状(zhuang)态。
由于(yu)(yu)锂电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不存在(zai)记忆效(xiao)应(ying)，当电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)低(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)3V时(shi)便(bian)不能开机，其残余电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)经(jing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)R40、R41分(fen)(fen)(fen)压(ya)后(hou)(hou)得到(dao)2。53V送入运算放大器(qi)的(de)同相端③、⑤、⑩脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)，由于(yu)(yu)LM324⑨脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)在(zai)负载下始终为2。66V，因此⑧脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)输(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)低(di)(di)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平，V3导(dao)通(tong)，+9V电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)通(tong)过V3 ec极、VD8向可充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。IC1 d在(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)C6的(de)作用下，{14}脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)输(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)是脉冲(chong)信号，由于(yu)(yu)IC1⑧脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)为低(di)(di)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平，因此VD12处(chu)于(yu)(yu)闪(shan)(shan)烁(shuo)状态(tai)，以指示(shi)(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正在(zai)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，对应(ying)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)为20%。随(sui)着充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)间(jian)的(de)延长，可充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)上的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)逐渐上升(sheng)。当R40、R41的(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)压(ya)值(zhi)约等(deng)于(yu)(yu)2。58V时(shi)，即(ji)IC1③脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)2。58V时(shi)，IC1②脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)经(jing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)压(ya)后(hou)(hou)得2。57V，其①脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)输(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)高电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(由于(yu)(yu)在(zai)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时(shi)，IC1⑨脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)始终是2。66V，V6导(dao)通(tong);反之在(zai)空载时(shi)，IC1⑨脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)为0。08V，V6截止)，VD10、VD11点(dian)亮，对应(ying)指示(shi)(shi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)为40%、60%。当R40、R41的(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)压(ya)值(zhi)上升(sheng)到(dao)2。63V时(shi)，即(ji)IC1⑤脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)2。63V，其⑥脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)经(jing)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)压(ya)后(hou)(hou)得2。63V，⑦脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)输(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)高电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平，VD9点(dian)亮，对应(ying)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)为80%。只有IC1⑩脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)≥2。66V时(shi)，⑧脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)才(cai)输(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)高电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平，VD13点(dian)亮，对应(ying)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)为100%。即(ji)使VD13点(dian)亮时(shi)，VD12仍处(chu)于(yu)(yu)闪(shan)(shan)烁(shuo)状态(tai)，这表示(shi)(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)仍未(wei)达到(dao)完全饱和。只有IC1⑧脚(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)>6。5V时(shi)，VD12才(cai)逐渐熄(xi)灭，表示(shi)(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)完全充(chong)至饱和。
VD16在电路中起(qi)过充、过流保护(hu)作用(yong)，VD8起(qi)反向保护(hu)作用(yong)，避免充电器断电后，电池反向放电。
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