逆变器场效应管

主要用(yong)处(chu)逆(ni)变(bian)器是(shi)把(ba)直流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能（电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)）转(zhuan)变(bian)成交流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（普(pu)通为220v50HZ正弦或方波）。浅显(xian)的讲，逆(ni)变(bian)器是(shi)一种将直流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（DC）转(zhuan)化(hua)为交流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（AC）的安装。它由逆(ni)变(bian)桥(qiao)、控制逻辑(ji)和滤波电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路组成。普(pu)遍(bian)适用(yong)于空调、家庭影院(yuan)、电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)砂(sha)轮、电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)开(kai)工具、缝纫机、DVD、VCD、电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脑、电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)视、洗衣机、抽油烟(yan)机、冰箱，录像机、按摩器、风扇、照明等 。

逆变器原理

逆(ni)变(bian)器(qi)就(jiu)是(shi)一(yi)种将低压(ya)(12或24伏(fu)(fu)(fu)或48伏(fu)(fu)(fu))直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电转变(bian)为220伏(fu)(fu)(fu)交流(liu)(liu)电的电子(zi)设备(bei)。由于我(wo)们通常(chang)是(shi)将220伏(fu)(fu)(fu)交流(liu)(liu)电整流(liu)(liu)变(bian)成直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电来运用(yong)，而逆(ni)变(bian)器(qi)的作用(yong)与(yu)此相(xiang)反，因而而得(de)名(ming)。我(wo)们处(chu)在一(yi)个“挪(nuo)(nuo)动(dong)(dong)”的时期，挪(nuo)(nuo)动(dong)(dong)办公，挪(nuo)(nuo)动(dong)(dong)通讯，挪(nuo)(nuo)动(dong)(dong)休闲和文娱(yu)。在挪(nuo)(nuo)动(dong)(dong)的状态中(zhong)，人们不但(dan)需求(qiu)由电池或电瓶供应(ying)的低压(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电，同时更(geng)需求(qiu)我(wo)们在日常(chang)环境中(zhong)不可或缺的220伏(fu)(fu)(fu)交流(liu)(liu)电，逆(ni)变(bian)器(qi)就(jiu)能够满足(zu)我(wo)们的这种需求(qiu)。

逆变器(qi)的主要参数指(zhi)标

1.额定(ding)功率：3KW，过载能(neng)力(li)为：150%

2.输入(ru)电压(ya)范围：DC300~600V

3.额(e)定(ding)输出电压：AC220V/50Hz

4.额定(ding)功率因(yin)数：0.99

5.额定转换效率(lv)：94%

6.隔(ge)(ge)离(li)方式：无变压器，非隔(ge)(ge)离(li)方式

7.保护功(gong)能：过(guo)(guo)压、欠压、过(guo)(guo)流(liu)、短路、过(guo)(guo)热保护

详解(jie)逆(ni)变器电路工(gong)作原(yuan)理

这里引(yin)见(jian)的逆变(bian)(bian)器（见(jian)图1）主(zhu)要(yao)由MOS场(chang)效应管，普通电源(yuan)变(bian)(bian)压(ya)器构(gou)成。其输出(chu)功率(lv)取决于MOS场(chang)效应管和电源(yuan)变(bian)(bian)压(ya)器的功率(lv)，免除了烦琐的变(bian)(bian)压(ya)器绕制(zhi)，合适电子喜好者(zhe)业余制(zhi)造中采用。下(xia)面引(yin)见(jian)该逆变(bian)(bian)器的工作(zuo)原理及制(zhi)造过程(cheng)。

这里(li)采用(yong)六反(fan)相(xiang)器CD4069构(gou)成方波信号发作(zuo)器。电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中R1是(shi)(shi)补偿电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，用(yong)于(yu)改善由于(yu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)的(de)变化而(er)惹起的(de)振(zhen)荡(dang)频率不稳(wen)。电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)振(zhen)荡(dang)是(shi)(shi)经过电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C1充放电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)完成的(de)。

其振荡频率为f=1/2.2RC.

图(tu)示(shi)电路的最大频率为(wei)：fmax=1/2.2×3.3×103×2.2×10-6=62.6Hz；

最小频率fmin=1/2.2×4.3×103×2.2×10-6=48.0Hz；

由于(yu)元件的误差(cha)，实践值会略有差(cha)别。其它(ta)多余的反(fan)相器，输入端接地防止影(ying)响其它(ta)电路。

由(you)于方(fang)波信号(hao)发(fa)作器输出的振(zhen)(zhen)荡信号(hao)电压(ya)最大(da)振(zhen)(zhen)幅为(wei)0~5V，为(wei)充沛驱动电源(yuan)开关电路(lu)，这(zhei)里(li)用TR1、TR2将振(zhen)(zhen)荡信号(hao)电压(ya)放大(da)至0~12V.如图所(suo)示。

MOS场效应管电(dian)源开关电(dian)路

下(xia)(xia)面简述一下(xia)(xia)用C-MOS场(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)应(ying)(ying)(ying)管(guan)（加强(qiang)型(xing)MOS场(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)应(ying)(ying)(ying)管(guan)）组成(cheng)的(de)(de)应(ying)(ying)(ying)用电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)工作(zuo)过程（见图4）。电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路将一个加强(qiang)型(xing)P沟(gou)道(dao)MOS场(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)应(ying)(ying)(ying)管(guan)和一个加强(qiang)型(xing)N沟(gou)道(dao)MOS场(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)应(ying)(ying)(ying)管(guan)组合在一同(tong)(tong)运用。当输入(ru)端为(wei)低电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平常(chang)，P沟(gou)道(dao)MOS场(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)应(ying)(ying)(ying)管(guan)导通(tong)，输出(chu)端与电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源正极接(jie)通(tong)。当输入(ru)端为(wei)高电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平常(chang)，N沟(gou)道(dao)MOS场(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)应(ying)(ying)(ying)管(guan)导通(tong)，输出(chu)端与电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源地接(jie)通(tong)。在该电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，P沟(gou)道(dao)MOS场(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)应(ying)(ying)(ying)管(guan)和N沟(gou)道(dao)MOS场(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)应(ying)(ying)(ying)管(guan)总(zong)是在相(xiang)(xiang)反的(de)(de)状态下(xia)(xia)工作(zuo)，其相(xiang)(xiang)位输入(ru)端和输出(chu)端相(xiang)(xiang)反。经过这种工作(zuo)方式我们(men)能够取得(de)较大的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流输出(chu)。同(tong)(tong)时(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)漏(lou)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)影响，使得(de)栅压(ya)(ya)在还没有到0V，通(tong)常(chang)在栅极电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)小(xiao)于(yu)1到2V时(shi)，MOS场(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)应(ying)(ying)(ying)管(guan)既被关断。不(bu)同(tong)(tong)场(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)应(ying)(ying)(ying)管(guan)其关断电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)略有不(bu)同(tong)(tong)。也正由(you)(you)于(yu)如此，使得(de)该电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路不(bu)会由(you)(you)于(yu)两管(guan)同(tong)(tong)时(shi)导通(tong)而形成(cheng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源短路。

点击放大图(tu)片由以(yi)上(shang)剖析(xi)我们能够画(hua)出(chu)原理图(tu)中(zhong)MOS场效(xiao)应管电路局(ju)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作过程（见图(tu)5）。工作原理同前(qian)所述。这(zhei)种低(di)电压(ya)(ya)(ya)、大电流(liu)、频率为50Hz的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)变信号(hao)经过变压(ya)(ya)(ya)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)压(ya)(ya)(ya)绕组时，会在(zai)变压(ya)(ya)(ya)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)压(ya)(ya)(ya)侧感应出(chu)高(gao)压(ya)(ya)(ya)交(jiao)流(liu)电压(ya)(ya)(ya)，完成(cheng)直流(liu)到交(jiao)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)转(zhuan)换。这(zhei)里需求留意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是，在(zai)某些(xie)状(zhuang)况下，如(ru)振荡局(ju)部(bu)中(zhong)止工作时，变压(ya)(ya)(ya)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)压(ya)(ya)(ya)侧有时会有很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)电流(liu)经过，所以(yi)该电路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)险丝不能省略(lve)或短接。

制造要点(dian)

电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)板见图6。所用元(yuan)器件(jian)可参考图7。逆(ni)变(bian)器用的(de)(de)变(bian)压(ya)器采用次级(ji)为12V、电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)为10A、初(chu)级(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)为220V的(de)(de)废(fei)品电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源变(bian)压(ya)器。P沟(gou)道(dao)MOS场(chang)(chang)效(xiao)应管（2SJ471）最大漏极(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)为30A，在(zai)场(chang)(chang)效(xiao)应管导通(tong)时(shi)(shi)(shi)，漏-源极(ji)间电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻为25毫(hao)欧(ou)。此时(shi)(shi)(shi)假如经(jing)过(guo)10A电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)时(shi)(shi)(shi)会有2.5W的(de)(de)功率耗(hao)费。N沟(gou)道(dao)MOS场(chang)(chang)效(xiao)应管（2SK2956）最大漏极(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)为50A，场(chang)(chang)效(xiao)应管导通(tong)时(shi)(shi)(shi)，漏-源极(ji)间电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻为7毫(hao)欧(ou)，此时(shi)(shi)(shi)假如经(jing)过(guo)10A电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)时(shi)(shi)(shi)耗(hao)费的(de)(de)功率为0.7W.由此我(wo)们也可知(zhi)在(zai)同样的(de)(de)工作电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)状况下(xia)，2SJ471的(de)(de)发热(re)(re)量约为2SK2956的(de)(de)4倍。所以在(zai)思(si)(si)索散(san)(san)(san)热(re)(re)器时(shi)(shi)(shi)应留意这(zhei)(zhei)点。图8展现本(ben)文引见的(de)(de)逆(ni)变(bian)器场(chang)(chang)效(xiao)应管在(zai)散(san)(san)(san)热(re)(re)器（100mm×100mm×17mm）上的(de)(de)位置散(san)(san)(san)布和接法。虽然场(chang)(chang)效(xiao)应管工作于(yu)开关状态时(shi)(shi)(shi)发热(re)(re)量不会很(hen)大，出于(yu)安全思(si)(si)考这(zhei)(zhei)里(li)选用的(de)(de)散(san)(san)(san)热(re)(re)器稍(shao)偏大。

逆变器电路板

逆变器的(de)性能测试

测(ce)试电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路见图9.这里测(ce)试用(yong)的(de)输(shu)(shu)入(ru)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源采用(yong)内阻(zu)低、放电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)（普通大(da)于100A）的(de)12V汽车电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶，可为电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路提供充足的(de)输(shu)(shu)入(ru)功(gong)率。测(ce)试用(yong)负载(zai)为普通的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)灯泡。测(ce)试的(de)办法是经过改动负载(zai)大(da)小，并丈量此时(shi)的(de)输(shu)(shu)入(ru)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)以(yi)(yi)及输(shu)(shu)出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)。输(shu)(shu)出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)随(sui)(sui)负荷(he)的(de)增大(da)而降落，灯泡的(de)耗费功(gong)率随(sui)(sui)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)变化而改动。我们也能够经过计算找出输(shu)(shu)出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)和功(gong)率的(de)关(guan)系。但实践(jian)上(shang)由(you)于电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)灯泡的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)会随(sui)(sui)受加(jia)在两端电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)变化而改动，并且输(shu)(shu)出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)、电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也不(bu)是正(zheng)弦波(bo)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)这种(zhong)的(de)计算只能看作是预算。

以(yi)(yi)负(fu)载为(wei)60W的(de)电(dian)灯(deng)泡(pao)为(wei)例：假(jia)定灯(deng)泡(pao)的(de)电(dian)阻不(bu)随电(dian)压变化而改动。由于R灯(deng)=V2/W=2102/60=735Ω，所以(yi)(yi)在电(dian)压为(wei)208V时，W=V2/R=2082/735=58.9W.由此(ci)可折(zhe)算出(chu)电(dian)压和功(gong)率(lv)的(de)关系。经(jing)过测试(shi)，我(wo)们发(fa)现(xian)当输(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率(lv)约(yue)为(wei)100W时，输(shu)入电(dian)流为(wei)10A.此(ci)时输(shu)出(chu)电(dian)压为(wei)200V。

联系方式：邹先生

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