充电桩原理图

一、充电桩的分类

充电(dian)桩分为交流充电(dian)桩和(he)直流充电(dian)桩。前者(zhe)俗称“慢充”，后者(zhe)俗称“快充”。

充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桩(zhuang)通过(guo)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动汽车(che)内置的(de)“车(che)载(zai)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机”将电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)网(wang)的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)转换为(wei)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后对(dui)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。车(che)载(zai)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机（OBC：On Board Charger）目前国(guo)内市(shi)场主(zhu)要有两种功(gong)率大小：3.3kW（输(shu)入(ru)：220VAC/16A，输(shu)出(chu)(chu)：200V-420VDC / 10A）和(he)(he)6.6kW（输(shu)入(ru)：220VAC/32A，输(shu)出(chu)(chu)：200-420V/20A ）。输(shu)出(chu)(chu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)小，充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)慢，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)被(bei)称为(wei)“慢充(chong)”。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桩(zhuang)根据其匹配车(che)载(zai)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机功(gong)率不同(tong)相(xiang)应(ying)有3.3kW和(he)(he)6.6kW之(zhi)分。直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桩(zhuang)内置大功(gong)率直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)块，充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桩(zhuang)本(ben)身将电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)网(wang)的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)转换为(wei)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，输(shu)出(chu)(chu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)可以(yi)(yi)高(gao)达100A以(yi)(yi)上，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)被(bei)称为(wei)“快充(chong)”。

直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充电桩(zhuang)可以从功率大小、充电枪的多少、结构形式(shi)、安装(zhuang)方式(shi)等(deng)不同维度进行分类。其中，按(an)结构形式(shi)比较(jiao)主流(liu)(liu)(liu)的分类是将(jiang)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充电桩(zhuang)分为两种：一(yi)体式(shi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充电桩(zhuang)和(he)分体式(shi)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充电桩(zhuang)。

二、直流充电桩的基本工作原理

在国家能源局发(fa)布的(de)直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桩(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)相关的(de)行业标准《NB/T 33001-2010：电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动汽车(che)非车(che)载(zai)传导式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机技(ji)术(shu)(shu)条件(jian)》中指出，直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桩(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)基本构成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包括(kuo)：功(gong)率单元、控(kong)(kong)(kong)制单元、计(ji)量(liang)单元、充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接口、供电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接口及人机交(jiao)互界面等。功(gong)率单元是(shi)指直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模块，控(kong)(kong)(kong)制单元是(shi)指充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桩(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制器(qi)。直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桩(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)本身作为一(yi)种系统集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)产(chan)品，除了 “直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模块”和“充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桩(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制器(qi)”这两个组件(jian)构成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了技(ji)术(shu)(shu)核心之(zhi)外，结构设(she)计(ji)也是(shi)整桩(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)可靠性设(she)计(ji)的(de)关键(jian)点之(zhi)一(yi)。 “充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桩(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制器(qi)”属于嵌入式(shi)硬件(jian)和软(ruan)件(jian)技(ji)术(shu)(shu)范畴，“直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模块”则代(dai)表了电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技(ji)术(shu)(shu)在AC/DC领域的(de)最(zui)高(gao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就。

充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)基本过程是： 在(zai)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)两端加载直流电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，以(yi)恒(heng)定(ding)(ding)大电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流对(dui)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)渐渐地缓慢地上(shang)升，上(shang)升到(dao)一定(ding)(ding)程度，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)达到(dao)标(biao)称值，SoC达到(dao)95%（针对(dui)不同电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，不一样）以(yi)上(shang)，继续(xu)以(yi)恒(heng)压(ya)小电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流对(dui)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。“电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)上(shang)去了，但电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量没(mei)有(you)充(chong)满，就是没(mei)有(you)充(chong)实(shi)，如(ru)果(guo)(guo)有(you)时间，可(ke)以(yi)改用小电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)实(shi)”。 为(wei)了实(shi)现这个(ge)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)过程，充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桩(zhuang)在(zai)功能(neng)上(shang)就需(xu)要(yao)有(you)“直流充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)块”提(ti)供(gong)直流电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源;需(xu)要(yao)有(you)“充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桩(zhuang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器”控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)块的(de)“开机(ji)(ji)(ji)、关(guan)机(ji)(ji)(ji)、输出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)、输出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流”;需(xu)要(yao)有(you)“触摸(mo)屏”作为(wei)人(ren)机(ji)(ji)(ji)界面(mian)下(xia)发(fa)指(zhi)令(ling)，通过控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器将(jiang)“开机(ji)(ji)(ji)、关(guan)机(ji)(ji)(ji)、输出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)、输出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流”等(deng)指(zhi)令(ling)下(xia)发(fa)给充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)块。从电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)气层面(mian)理解的(de)最简(jian)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桩(zhuang)只要(yao)有(you)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)块，控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)板和触摸(mo)屏就可(ke)以(yi)了; 如(ru)果(guo)(guo)开机(ji)(ji)(ji)、关(guan)机(ji)(ji)(ji)和输出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)］输出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流等(deng)指(zhi)令(ling)在(zai)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)块上(shang)做(zuo)成几(ji)个(ge)键盘，那(nei)么一个(ge)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)块就可(ke)以(yi)对(dui)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了。

直(zhi)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)桩的电(dian)气部分由主回(hui)路(lu)(lu)和(he)二(er)次回(hui)路(lu)(lu)组(zu)(zu)成(cheng)。主回(hui)路(lu)(lu)的输入是三相交(jiao)流电(dian)，经过输入断路(lu)(lu)器、交(jiao)流智能(neng)电(dian)能(neng)表(biao)(biao)之(zhi)后由充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)模块(kuai)(kuai)（整流模块(kuai)(kuai)）将三相交(jiao)流电(dian)转换为(wei)电(dian)池可(ke)以接受的直(zhi)流电(dian)，再连接熔断器和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)枪，给电(dian)动汽(qi)车充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)。 二(er)次回(hui)路(lu)(lu)由充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)桩控制(zhi)(zhi)器、读卡(ka)器、显示(shi)屏(ping)、直(zhi)流电(dian)表(biao)(biao)等组(zu)(zu)成(cheng)。二(er)次回(hui)路(lu)(lu)还提(ti)供(gong)“启停”控制(zhi)(zhi)与“急停”操作(zuo);信号(hao)灯提(ti)供(gong)“待机(ji)”、“充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)”与“充(chong)(chong)(chong)满”状态指(zhi)示(shi);显示(shi)屏(ping)作(zuo)为(wei)人机(ji)交(jiao)互设(she)备则(ze)提(ti)供(gong)刷卡(ka)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)电(dian)方式(shi)设(she)置与启停控制(zhi)(zhi)操作(zuo)。

关于直流充电桩的电气原理，总结如下：

1.单个(ge)的(de)充(chong)电模块(kuai)目前只有(you)15kW，不能(neng)满足功率要(yao)求，需要(yao)多个(ge)充(chong)电模块(kuai)并(bing)联在(zai)一(yi)起工作(zuo)，需要(yao)有(you)CAN总线来(lai)实现多个(ge)模块(kuai)的(de)均流;

2.充电模块的输入(ru)来自(zi)电网(wang)(wang)，是(shi)大功(gong)率供电，涉(she)及(ji)到电网(wang)(wang)和人(ren)身(shen)安全，特别是(shi)人(ren)身(shen)安全，需(xu)要在输入(ru)端安装(zhuang)空气开关(guan)（学(xue)名是(shi)“塑壳断路器(qi)”），防雷(lei)开关(guan)甚至漏电开关(guan);

3.充电(dian)(dian)桩的输出是高压(ya)、大电(dian)(dian)流(liu)，电(dian)(dian)池(chi)是电(dian)(dian)化(hua)学品，容易爆炸，要(yao)防止误操作的安全问题，输出要(yao)有熔断(duan)器(qi);

4.安全问题是最高优先级(ji)的(de)(de)，除了有输入端的(de)(de)措(cuo)施之(zhi)外，机械锁和电(dian)子锁是一定要有的(de)(de)，绝(jue)缘(yuan)检(jian)测是一定要有的(de)(de)，泄放电(dian)阻是一定要有的(de)(de);

5.电(dian)池(chi)是(shi)否(fou)(fou)(fou)接受(shou)充(chong)电(dian)，这不是(shi)由充(chong)电(dian)桩决定(ding)的(de)，是(shi)由电(dian)池(chi)的(de)大脑、BMS决定(ding)的(de)。BMS下发(fa)“是(shi)否(fou)(fou)(fou)允许充(chong)电(dian)，是(shi)否(fou)(fou)(fou)终止充(chong)电(dian)，可(ke)以接受(shou)多大电(dian)压(ya)，多大电(dian)流充(chong)电(dian)”的(de)指令给控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)，控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)再下发(fa)给充(chong)电(dian)模块(kuai)。因此，需要有实(shi)现控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)和(he)BMS之(zhi)间(jian)的(de)CAN通信，控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)和(he)充(chong)电(dian)模块(kuai)之(zhi)间(jian)的(de)CAN通信;

6.充电(dian)桩(zhuang)还要接受(shou)监控管理，控制器(qi)需要通(tong)过WiFi或3G/4G等(deng)网络(luo)通(tong)讯(xun)模块和后台(tai)连(lian)接;

7.充(chong)电的电费(fei)不(bu)是免费(fei)的，需(xu)要安装电表，需(xu)要读卡器实现计(ji)费(fei)功(gong)能;

8.充(chong)电桩壳体上(shang)需要有一目了然的指示(shi)灯，通(tong)常是三个(ge)指示(shi)灯，分别表示(shi)充(chong)电、故障和电源(yuan);

9.直流充电桩的风道(dao)(dao)设计是关键(jian)。风道(dao)(dao)设计除(chu)了结构上的学问，需要在充电桩里面(mian)安装有风扇，虽然每个(ge)充电模块里面(mian)都(dou)有风扇。

考虑(lv)到(dao)上述细(xi)节，直流充电桩作为一个系(xi)统是比较复杂(za)的。

图3给(ji)出某(mou)单(dan)枪直流充电桩更详细的电气(qi)(qi)原理(li)框图的主回(hui)路电气(qi)(qi)原理(li)图作为设(she)计参(can)考。

三、直流充电桩的技术发展趋势

关(guan)于直流(liu)充(chong)电桩的技术发展趋(qu)势(shi)，有5个(ge)方(fang)向值得(de)关(guan)注：

1.超大功率充电堆-功率动态分配-柔性充电

纯电(dian)(dian)动(dong)公交充电(dian)(dian)站(zhan)集(ji)中停放、运营路线充电(dian)(dian)的特(te)点决(jue)定(ding)了其(qi)充电(dian)(dian)解决(jue)方案可(ke)能朝超(chao)大功率充电(dian)(dian)堆(dui)的方向演进。纯电(dian)(dian)动(dong)出租车和(he)物(wu)流(liu)车甚至(zhi)也(ye)可(ke)能朝这(zhei)个方向演进。30KW充电(dian)(dian)模块(kuai)需求(qiu)变得(de)急(ji)迫，其(qi)主要推动(dong)力就是充电(dian)(dian)堆(dui)的需求(qiu)正变得(de)急(ji)迫。

功(gong)率(lv)动态分配(pei)最(zui)先是某公司提出来(lai)的(de)，每两个模块(kuai)(kuai)后(hou)(hou)面用(yong)一(yi)个功(gong)率(lv)继(ji)电器，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)把这(zhei)两个模块(kuai)(kuai)投在(zai)左(zuo)枪(qiang)也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)投在(zai)右枪(qiang)使用(yong);后(hou)(hou)来(lai)另(ling)外一(yi)家公司提出新的(de)名词柔性充(chong)电，需要大功(gong)率(lv)充(chong)，电流(liu)很大的(de)时候，将其它模块(kuai)(kuai)投过来(lai)使用(yong)，小车来(lai)的(de)时候可(ke)以(yi)(yi)分开使用(yong)，这(zhei)样做是有一(yi)定(ding)的(de)道理;柔性在(zai)电网(wang)中有加大功(gong)率(lv)这(zhei)样一(yi)层意(yi)思在(zai)里面，所以(yi)(yi)提出柔性充(chong)电概(gai)念(nian)也说的(de)过去。不同叫法，实际上(shang)是同一(yi)意(yi)思。

对(dui)于180kW及以下的(de)直流充电(dian)桩(zhuang)，谈功率动(dong)态分配和柔性充电(dian)是(shi)个伪需求，甚至分体式的(de)意(yi)义都不大，但(dan)是(shi)双枪轮充和均充也许有点实(shi)际意(yi)义。

充电(dian)(dian)堆的(de)(de)应用(yong)(yong)场景是，可以根据当前待充电(dian)(dian)车(che)辆(liang)数量来自动(dong)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)给(ji)每(mei)个车(che)多(duo)大(da)(da)功(gong)率(lv)。这(zhei)(zhei)样确保将充电(dian)(dian)模块(kuai)的(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)用(yong)(yong)到极致，在车(che)辆(liang)不多(duo)的(de)(de)时候，每(mei)辆(liang)车(che)被分(fen)(fen)配(pei)的(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)很大(da)(da)，可以更快速地充满。这(zhei)(zhei)种应用(yong)(yong)就需(xu)要(yao)更多(duo)的(de)(de)继电(dian)(dian)器切换充电(dian)(dian)模块(kuai)的(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)流向，这(zhei)(zhei)会增加(jia)一(yi)些(xie)硬(ying)件成本，可靠性难度(du)也(ye)增加(jia)了一(yi)些(xie)，当然，也(ye)需(xu)要(yao)对充电(dian)(dian)控(kong)制器的(de)(de)软件进(jin)行升级。

2.社区停车场环行智能充电

所谓环行智(zhi)能(neng)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)，这是个(ge)很时髦的(de)(de)概念。具(ju)体应用场景是：在(zai)一个(ge)社区停车(che)(che)场停放了很多电(dian)(dian)动汽车(che)(che)，中央处理单元主(zhu)动地巡回检测每台车(che)(che)的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)池电(dian)(dian)量，在(zai)夜间自动地轮(lun)流(liu)将每台车(che)(che)充(chong)满。这其实也是一种柔性(xing)(xing)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)，也需要在(zai)社区停车(che)(che)场安装超(chao)级(ji)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)堆。这种做法的(de)(de)好处是：比(bi)交流(liu)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)效率(lv)更高，比(bi)安装若干(gan)个(ge)直流(liu)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)桩，车(che)(che)主(zhu)排队等待直流(liu)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)灵活(huo)性(xing)(xing)大，成(cheng)本(ben)也低很多。

3.家用型壁挂式充电桩进家用电器

也许我们可以更加乐观，在解决了(le)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力配送之后，就(jiu)是将(jiang)(jiang)来有能力将(jiang)(jiang)中国过量(liang)的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供应输送到每个居民小(xiao)区的(de)时候，消费者为(wei)了(le)追求(qiu)更快速的(de)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)体验，个人(ren)可以自主决定是安装(zhuang)直(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桩还(hai)是交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桩，直(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桩将(jiang)(jiang)做(zuo)得像家(jia)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)产(chan)品一(yi)(yi)样(yang)小(xiao)巧、漂亮。壁挂(gua)式直(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桩将(jiang)(jiang)是一(yi)(yi)种刚需。这种产(chan)品的(de)销售模(mo)式就(jiu)像卖电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)热器这类商品一(yi)(yi)样(yang)，在商场里面卖，在JD，TMALL上面卖。这种像家(jia)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)(yi)样(yang)的(de)产(chan)品将(jiang)(jiang)去掉直(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桩组成(cheng)(cheng)中一(yi)(yi)些不(bu)太紧(jin)要的(de)部件，将(jiang)(jiang)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制器和(he)触(chu)摸屏功能做(zuo)到一(yi)(yi)个充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)块大小(xiao)的(de)外壳(qiao)里面，但模(mo)具会做(zuo)得很精致。随着电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技术的(de)进步，充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)块功率密度越来高，这个趋势将(jiang)(jiang)成(cheng)(cheng)为(wei)可能。

4.“光充储”充放电一体化

光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)、充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、储能三(san)者组(zu)合在一起的概念已经有了具(ju)体的产品，就是PowerWall，将(jiang)来PowerWall进一步发展，构成新型充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)形(xing)态，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能在光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)、电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动汽(qi)(qi)车、电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)网(wang)、储能电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)四(si)者之(zhi)间自由地流(liu)动。直(zhi)流(liu)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桩既可(ke)(ke)以由电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)网(wang)提供(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能给电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动汽(qi)(qi)车充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，也可(ke)(ke)由光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)提供(gong)，还(hai)可(ke)(ke)以由储能电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)提供(gong)。储能电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)汽(qi)(qi)车电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)的电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能也可(ke)(ke)以卖(mai)给电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)网(wang)。

5.共享充电、免费充电

如果以互联网的(de)共享思(si)(si)维来思(si)(si)考未来，任何个人安装(zhuang)的(de)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)桩(zhuang)可(ke)以提供给任何其他车主(zhu)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)，也就是说所有的(de)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)桩(zhuang)都是可(ke)以随(sui)时开放(fang)的(de)。通过(guo)互联网工具，车主(zhu)很容易找到闲置的(de)个人充(chong)电(dian)(dian)桩(zhuang)。

将来充(chong)电站可能在互联(lian)网的(de)思维下(xia)做成了O2O的(de)Off-Line的(de)重要(yao)连接节点，只(zhi)要(yao)有车(che)主来充(chong)电，可能就(jiu)要(yao)在充(chong)电站等待15分(fen)钟(zhong)。充(chong)电站将作为重要(yao)的(de)广告场地资源，这是(shi)不(bu)难想象的(de)。

四、直流充电桩工作原理及常见故障分析

直流(liu)充电(dian)桩内部一般由计(ji)费(fei)控制单元、读卡器、LCD、无线模(mo)(mo)块、电(dian)源模(mo)(mo)块、电(dian)表(biao)和非车载充电(dian)机(ji)组(zu)成。非车载充电(dian)机(ji)提(ti)供交直流(liu)变换功能，其他(ta)设备提(ti)供计(ji)费(fei)、通信(xin)、人机(ji)交互等功能。即直流(liu)充电(dian)模(mo)(mo)型：

图1直流充电(dian)模型

左(zuo)边是非(fei)车(che)载充(chong)(chong)电机(ji)(ji)（即直流充(chong)(chong)电桩），右边是电动汽(qi)车(che)，二者通过(guo)车(che)辆插(cha)头(tou)、插(cha)座相连。我们可以(yi)很(hen)清(qing)楚的看到，充(chong)(chong)电模(mo)型主要由“非(fei)车(che)载充(chong)(chong)电机(ji)(ji)”、“车(che)辆接(jie)口”、“电动汽(qi)车(che)”这三部分(fen)(fen)构成，所以(yi)充(chong)(chong)电异(yi)常(chang)中止(zhi)(zhi)基(ji)本也(ye)由这三部分(fen)(fen)引发(fa)，那么接(jie)下来我们将(jiang)对这三部分(fen)(fen)进行“体检”分(fen)(fen)析。 第一类(lei)病(bing)症：非(fei)车(che)载充(chong)(chong)电机(ji)(ji)部分(fen)(fen)引起的充(chong)(chong)电异(yi)常(chang)中止(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)况。

图2非车载充电机异常

在充电(dian)过程中，如果(guo)非车(che)载充电(dian)机出现不能继续充电(dian)的故障（如充电(dian)桩意外进水(shui)或异物进入、环境(jing)温(wen)度骤变(bian)等），则向车(che)辆周期(qi)发(fa)送“充电(dian)机中止充电(dian)报(bao)文(wen)”并控制充电(dian)机停止充电(dian)，在100ms内断开K1、K2、K3和K4；

图3非车载充电(dian)机故(gu)障

在充电(dian)过(guo)程中，非车载(zai)充电(dian)机(ji)控制(zhi)装(zhuang)置如(ru)发生(sheng)通(tong)讯超(chao)时（如(ru)通(tong)讯线路故障等(deng)），则非车载(zai)充电(dian)机(ji)停止(zhi)充电(dian)，并(bing)在10s内(nei)(nei)断(duan)开K1、K2、K5、K6，非车载(zai)充电(dian)机(ji)控制(zhi)装(zhuang)置发生(sheng)3次通(tong)讯超(chao)时即确认通(tong)讯中断(duan)，则非车载(zai)充电(dian)机(ji)停止(zhi)充电(dian)，并(bing)在10s内(nei)(nei)断(duan)开K1、K2、K3、K4、K5、K6；

图(tu)4非车载充(chong)电(dian)机通讯(xun)异常

在充(chong)电(dian)过程中，非车(che)载充(chong)电(dian)机输(shu)出电(dian)压若大(da)于车(che)辆最高允许充(chong)电(dian)总电(dian)压（如充(chong)电(dian)桩输(shu)出限压功能失效等(deng)），则非车(che)载充(chong)电(dian)机应该在1s内停止充(chong)电(dian)，并断开K1、K2、K3、K4；

图5非车(che)载充(chong)电(dian)机输(shu)出电(dian)压>车(che)辆(liang)最(zui)高允许充(chong)电(dian)电(dian)压

第(di)二(er)类(lei)病症(zheng)：车(che)辆(liang)插(cha)头、车(che)辆(liang)插(cha)座引(yin)起的充电(dian)异常中止(zhi)情况。

图6车辆(liang)插(cha)头|车辆(liang)插(cha)座异常

在充电(dian)(dian)过程中，非车载充电(dian)(dian)机(ji)控(kong)制装置通过对检(jian)测(ce)点1的电(dian)(dian)压进行检(jian)测(ce)，如果判断开(kai)关S由闭合变为(wei)断开(kai)（如充电(dian)(dian)枪上按键失灵(ling)或误触发等），应在50ms内将(jiang)输出电(dian)(dian)流降至5A或以下；

图(tu)7车辆插头内部常闭开关S断(duan)开

在充电过程中，非车载充电机控制装置通过对检测点1的电压进行检测，如果(guo)判断车辆接(jie)口由完全(quan)连接(jie)变为断开(kai)（如车辆意(yi)(yi)外(wai)(wai)移(yi)动、充电枪线缆被意(yi)(yi)外(wai)(wai)扰动等），则控制非车载充电机停止(zhi)充电，应(ying)在100ms内断开(kai)K1、K2、K3、K4。

图(tu)8车辆接口断开

第三类病症：电(dian)动汽车引起的充电(dian)异常中止情况。

图9电动汽车异常

在(zai)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)过程(cheng)中(zhong)，如果车(che)辆(liang)(liang)出现不能继续充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的故(gu)障（如BMS系(xi)统误报(bao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)实时状态(tai)、车(che)辆(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)装置误关断充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)路接(jie)触器等），则向非车(che)载充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机发(fa)送“车(che)辆(liang)(liang)中(zhong)止(zhi)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)报(bao)文”，并在(zai)300ms（由车(che)辆(liang)(liang)根据(ju)故(gu)障严重(zhong)程(cheng)度(du)决(jue)定(ding)）内断开K5和(he)K6。

图(tu)10车辆出现不能继(ji)续充电(dian)的故障

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