充电桩电路图

脉冲式全自动(dong)快速(su)充电(dian)器详解
1、充电器特点

脉冲式全自动快速充电器的特点如下：

1、 用脉冲电压对电池(chi)进行充电，克服了电池(chi)的记忆(yi)现象。

2、 充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)器能自动检测充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，当电(dian)(dian)(dian)池电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)接近额定电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)时，充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)速度自动放(fang)慢，并且充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)一段(duan)时间(jian)后放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)一段(duan)时间(jian)，如此反复，使电(dian)(dian)(dian)池电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)维持(chi)在额定电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)上。

3、 充电器的充电电流能够(gou)调(diao)(diao)节(jie)，一般调(diao)(diao)在(zai)500mA以上。

2、电路分析

如图所(suo)示，脉冲(chong)式全自动快(kuai)速充电器(qi)电路。

220v交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)市电经(jing)(jing)电源变压(ya)(ya)器T1降压(ya)(ya)后，得到(dao)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)低电压(ya)(ya)加到(dao)VD1~VD4组成的(de)桥式(shi)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)电路中，在(zai)整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)电路输(shu)出端A点得到(dao)20v的(de)脉动(dong)性直流(liu)电压(ya)(ya)，这一(yi)电压(ya)(ya)经(jing)(jing)过(guo)(guo)R4、C1滤波，同时经(jing)(jing)过(guo)(guo)VD5稳(wen)压(ya)(ya)后，在(zai)B点得到(dao)14V的(de)稳(wen)定直流(liu)电压(ya)(ya)，此电压(ya)(ya)供给NE555使其(qi)振荡，并(bing)从③脚输(shu)出脉冲头朝下的(de)矩(ju)形振荡脉冲，加到(dao)发(fa)光二极管VD7负(fu)极。

电(dian)路中(zhong)，R2、C2组成振(zhen)荡(dang)器的定时电(dian)路，振(zhen)荡(dang)脉冲从(cong)③脚输出，通(tong)过VD7和R3加(jia)到VT1基极，对(dui)VT1进行导通(tong)与截止的控(kong)制。

RP1在电(dian)路中(zhong)起(qi)分压作(zuo)用，用来设定基准电(dian)压，即需(xu)充(chong)电(dian)电(dian)池组的电(dian)压，一般调节后RP1动片电(dian)压比需(xu)充(chong)电(dian)电(dian)池组额定电(dian)压稍高一点。

提示(shi)：刚(gang)开机时(shi)，由于C2两端电(dian)(dian)压不能(neng)突变，NE555的(de)⑥脚(jiao)为低(di)电(dian)(dian)位，整流电(dian)(dian)路输出的(de)直流电(dian)(dian)压通(tong)过(guo)R4、RP1、R1和R2对C2开始充电(dian)(dian)，此(ci)时(shi)③脚(jiao)输出脉冲为低(di)电(dian)(dian)平，即③脚(jiao)为低(di)电(dian)(dian)位，使发(fa)光(guang)二(er)极管VD7导(dao)通(tong)，VD7发(fa)光(guang)，指(zhi)示(shi)电(dian)(dian)路正在充电(dian)(dian)。

同时(shi)，VT1因基(ji)极电(dian)(dian)位降低而导(dao)通(tong)，VT1导(dao)通(tong)后的(de)内阻很小，构成了充(chong)电(dian)(dian)回路，A点的(de)电(dian)(dian)源电(dian)(dian)压经过RP2和饱和导(dao)通(tong)的(de)VT1向电(dian)(dian)池(chi)E1充(chong)电(dian)(dian)，其充(chong)电(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)流(liu)回路是：电(dian)(dian)路中A点→RP2→VT1发射极→VT1集电(dian)(dian)极→电(dian)(dian)池(chi)E1负极→地。

当(dang)C2上(shang)的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压因(yin)放电(dian)(dian)(dian)而低(di)于⑤脚电(dian)(dian)(dian)压的(de)一(yi)半时(shi)，NE555内(nei)部电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)再(zai)次(ci)(ci)被触发(fa)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)翻转(zhuan)，⑦脚与地之间呈(cheng)开路(lu)状态(tai)(tai)，C2再(zai)次(ci)(ci)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)，③脚由低(di)电(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)翻转(zhuan)成高电(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)，充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)重复(fu)刚开机时(shi)的(de)状态(tai)(tai)。

提(ti)示(shi)：当电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)即将完成时，因为(wei)集成电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路A1的(de)⑤脚电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)已(yi)接近RP1动(dong)片设定电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，C2的(de)放电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)过程逐渐延(yan)长(zhang)，③脚也长(zhang)时间处于高电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位，VD7熄灭，VT1截止，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)间歇延(yan)长(zhang)，最后电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)将动(dong)态的(de)维持在电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)上。

调(diao)整RP2可以改(gai)变(bian)充电(dian)回路的(de)(de)(de)总电(dian)阻，可以控(kong)制(zhi)充电(dian)时的(de)(de)(de)充电(dian)电(dian)流。改(gai)变(bian)R2与C2的(de)(de)(de)数值，可以改(gai)变(bian)振荡的(de)(de)(de)频率，调(diao)整充电(dian)的(de)(de)(de)速度(du)。电(dian)路中的(de)(de)(de)VD6用(yong)于(yu)在电(dian)池充电(dian)初期缩短C2的(de)(de)(de)充电(dian)时间，可以提高充电(dian)初期的(de)(de)(de)充电(dian)效率。

3、电路分析说明

关(guan)于这(zhei)一(yi)脉冲式全(quan)自动快速充电器的电路分(fen)析还要说明以下几点：

1、电路所示元器件(jian)参(can)数和型号是(shi)对两节镍镉(ge)电池充(chong)电时(shi)的数据(ju)。

2、电路中(zhong)RP2的(de)功率(lv)不能太小，最好大于5W。

3、对两节镍镉电池充电时，RP1动片电压调整(zheng)至2.8V左右，调节RP2使充电电流达到500mA。

4、对(dui)12V蓄电(dian)池充电(dian)时，VT1应采(cai)用大(da)功率管(如(ru)3AD6、3AD30),电(dian)源变压器也要有足够的功率，将RP1动片电(dian)压调整(zheng)到12.3V左右，再调整(zheng)RP2使电(dian)流达到1A左右。

5、C2、R2主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)决定充(chong)电(dian)(dian)脉冲的长短和(he)频率，对蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)池脉冲要(yao)(yao)长一些(xie)，频率要(yao)(yao)低(di)一点(dian)，可加大R3的阻值;对一般电(dian)(dian)池的充(chong)电(dian)(dian)，脉冲要(yao)(yao)短一些(xie)，频率要(yao)(yao)高一点(dian)，可减小R3的阻值。

二、可调恒流型自动充电器详解

1、电路特点

这一充电器的(de)特点如下：

1、 本充电(dian)器可对电(dian)池或蓄(xu)电(dian)池进行(xing)充电(dian)，电(dian)池或蓄(xu)电(dian)池充满时(shi)能(neng)自动停止充电(dian)。

2、 恒(heng)流充(chong)电电流连续可(ke)(ke)调，充(chong)电电流能从(cong)0~1.5A可(ke)(ke)调。

3、 停(ting)止充电(dian)(dian)时，充电(dian)(dian)阈值(zhi)电(dian)(dian)压从0~15V连续可调。

2、电路分析

如图所示，是(shi)可调恒流型(xing)自(zi)动充电器电路。

220V市电(dian)经变压(ya)器T1降压(ya)后，输出15V的交流电(dian)压(ya)，再经VD1~VD4组成的桥式整(zheng)流电(dian)路整(zheng)流，由电(dian)容C1滤波，在(zai)C1两端得到直流电(dian)压(ya)，供电(dian)路使用。此时(shi)电(dian)源(yuan)电(dian)压(ya)经R4加(jia)到VD5上，使VD5发光(guang)，指示充(chong)电(dian)器的电(dian)源(yuan)已经接通。

当电(dian)(dian)池(chi)从A、B两点接入电(dian)(dian)路时(shi)，电(dian)(dian)池(chi)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)经R5与(yu)RP1组成的分(fen)压(ya)(ya)电(dian)(dian)路，在RP1的动片(pian)上(shang)得到分(fen)压(ya)(ya)，注(zhu)意这一(yi)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)是以(yi)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)的正极相对于RP1动片(pian)而言(yan)的。当电(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)不足的电(dian)(dian)池(chi)接入电(dian)(dian)路时(shi)，RP1动片(pian)上(shang)的分(fen)压(ya)(ya)值不能(neng)使VT5有足够(gou)的基(ji)极电(dian)(dian)流(liu)，于是VT5截止，相当于开(kai)路。

电(dian)(dian)源(yuan)电(dian)(dian)压经R9、VT4的(de)发射(she)极(ji)、基(ji)(ji)极(ji)、R10构成回路(lu)，VT4得到基(ji)(ji)极(ji)电(dian)(dian)流而导通，于(yu)是VT4的(de)发射(she)极(ji)电(dian)(dian)压下降，VT3基(ji)(ji)极(ji)电(dian)(dian)压下降，VT3流过基(ji)(ji)极(ji)电(dian)(dian)流而导通，其集(ji)电(dian)(dian)极(ji)电(dian)(dian)流经R8、VD6、R6、RP2、R7到地(di)，这是一个分压电(dian)(dian)路(lu)，将在RP2的(de)动片上(shang)得到分压。同(tong)时VT3的(de)集(ji)电(dian)(dian)极(ji)电(dian)(dian)流流过VD6时，使VD6发光，指示(shi)充电(dian)(dian)器正处(chu)于(yu)充电(dian)(dian)状态。

在RP2动片(pian)上(shang)的分(fen)压，使VT2与VT1导(dao)通，构成(cheng)了(le)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回路。电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压经电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的负(fu)极(ji)加到(dao)导(dao)通后的VT1到(dao)地构成(cheng)回路，流(liu)过(guo)VT1的集电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)就(jiu)是电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，通过(guo)调节RP2可(ke)改变VT1和VT2的基极(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，使VT1的导(dao)通内阻(zu)得到(dao)改变，即改变了(le)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。

充电(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)流(liu)流(liu)经的回路为(wei)：电(dian)(dian)源的正极→电(dian)(dian)池(chi)正极→电(dian)(dian)池(chi)负极→VT1的集电(dian)(dian)极→VT1的发(fa)射极→R1(R2、R3)→地。

随着电(dian)池充电(dian)的(de)进行，电(dian)池的(de)两(liang)端电(dian)压(ya)也(ye)逐渐升(sheng)高。当升(sheng)高到一(yi)定值(即电(dian)池充满(man)电(dian))时(shi)，RP1动片的(de)分压(ya)值也(ye)得到升(sheng)高，使VT5饱和导通，VT5的(de)集电(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)电(dian)压(ya)升(sheng)高至(zhi)接(jie)近(jin)电(dian)源电(dian)压(ya)，使VT4因基(ji)极(ji)(ji)(ji)电(dian)压(ya)升(sheng)高而(er)截(jie)止。VT4截(jie)止后，其发(fa)射极(ji)(ji)(ji)电(dian)压(ya)升(sheng)高，使VT3的(de)基(ji)极(ji)(ji)(ji)电(dian)压(ya)升(sheng)高，VT3无基(ji)极(ji)(ji)(ji)电(dian)流而(er)截(jie)止。VT3截(jie)止后无集电(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)电(dian)流，VD6也(ye)因无电(dian)流而(er)熄(xi)灭，指示充电(dian)已结束。

这时RP2因无(wu)电流(liu)，其动片上也(ye)无(wu)分压，使VT1和VT2也(ye)无(wu)基极电流(liu)，而(er)VT1截止后，其内阻增大(da)，切断了(le)电池(chi)的充电电流(liu)的回路(lu)，充电结束。

3、电路分析说明

在电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，VT1发(fa)射极通(tong)过开关S1接入3种不同阻(zu)值的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，这样可以(yi)改变不同的(de)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)负反馈量，能提高恒流(liu)型自动充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)稳定性。R1、R2、R3为(wei)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)档切换电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，切换电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)分(fen)别(bie)为(wei)0~150mA、150~750mA、0.75~1.5A。

三、简易镍镉电池充电器详解

1、充电器特点

简易镍镉电池充电器电路的特点如下：

1、 采用恒流式充电(dian)(dian)方式，能(neng)对(dui)4节(jie)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)同时(shi)充电(dian)(dian)，也可以(yi)只(zhi)对(dui)一节(jie)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充电(dian)(dian)。

2、 充(chong)电(dian)时(shi)发光(guang)管(guan)点(dian)亮，指示(shi)充(chong)电(dian)正在进行(xing)，充(chong)电(dian)器(qi)能很(hen)方便(bian)地对电(dian)池进行(xing)快速充(chong)电(dian)和正常充(chong)电(dian)两(liang)种充(chong)电(dian)方式的切(qie)换。

3、 充电(dian)(dian)器(qi)能不用市电(dian)(dian)而用蓄电(dian)(dian)池对镍镉电(dian)(dian)池充电(dian)(dian)。

2、电路分析

如图(tu)所(suo)示，是简易(yi)镍镉电(dian)(dian)池充电(dian)(dian)器(qi)电(dian)(dian)路。

电(dian)源(yuan)电(dian)路(lu)(lu)由(you)降(jiang)压(ya)(ya)变压(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1、整(zheng)流(liu)二极管(guan)VD1~VD4、滤波电(dian)容C3和稳压(ya)(ya)集成电(dian)路(lu)(lu)A1组成。220V市电(dian)经变压(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1降(jiang)压(ya)(ya)后，得到12V的(de)(de)低(di)压(ya)(ya)交流(liu)低(di)压(ya)(ya)，经由(you)二极管(guan)VD1~VD4组成的(de)(de)桥式整(zheng)流(liu)电(dian)路(lu)(lu)整(zheng)流(liu)后，再由(you)电(dian)容C3为电(dian)源(yuan)滤波，在C3的(de)(de)两(liang)端得到电(dian)源(yuan)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)，经三(san)端稳压(ya)(ya)集成电(dian)路(lu)(lu)A1稳压(ya)(ya)后，输出稳定的(de)(de)电(dian)源(yuan)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)供(gong)电(dian)路(lu)(lu)使用。

电(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)三极管VT1、电(dian)阻(zu)R1和(he)R11、可调(diao)电(dian)阻(zu)RP1和(he)RP2以及开关S1组成(cheng)控制和(he)充电(dian)电(dian)流调(diao)节电(dian)路(lu)。R1与RP1或RP2构成(cheng)VT1的偏(pian)置电(dian)路(lu)，向VT1提(ti)供偏(pian)置电(dian)流。其(qi)中(zhong)R1为(wei)上偏(pian)置电(dian)阻(zu)，如(ru)果RP1或RP2接入(ru)电(dian)路(lu)，RP1或RP2则为(wei)VT1的下(xia)偏(pian)置电(dian)阻(zu)。R11为(wei)VT1的发射极电(dian)阻(zu)。

充电部分的(de)电路(lu)由三极(ji)管VT2~VT5、二极(ji)管VD5~VD8、发(fa)光管VD9~VD12以及电阻R3~R10组(zu)成。

充电(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)路(lu)分为4路(lu)，均为相同(tong)的电(dian)(dian)路(lu)，可单独(du)工作也可同(tong)时(shi)工作。这里对其(qi)中(zhong)一(yi)路(lu)说明(ming)其(qi)工作原理，其(qi)他类推。

3、电池未接入时分析

从稳(wen)压(ya)集(ji)成(cheng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)路A1输出(chu)的电(dian)(dian)(dian)源电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)加到VT1的集(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)极，同(tong)时经R1加到VT1基(ji)极，由发(fa)射极输出(chu)，加到R11到地构成(cheng)回路，形(xing)成(cheng)VT1的基(ji)极电(dian)(dian)(dian)流，VT1导(dao)通(tong)，其(qi)发(fa)射极电(dian)(dian)(dian)流在R11上形(xing)成(cheng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)降，此电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)降到VD5的正极，经VD5加到VT2的基(ji)极。

电(dian)源(yuan)电(dian)压(ya)经R9加到(dao)VT2的发(fa)射极，但由于(yu)没有电(dian)池接入，所(suo)以不能构(gou)成(cheng)VT2基(ji)极电(dian)流回路(lu)，不能形(xing)成(cheng)VT2的基(ji)极电(dian)压(ya)比(bi)R11上(shang)的电(dian)压(ya)略高，VD5处于(yu)反偏状态而截止(zhi)。

4、电池接入时分析

当(dang)需要充电(dian)时，由(you)(you)于电(dian)池无电(dian)且电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)很低，R10的(de)下端由(you)(you)原来(lai)的(de)悬浮状(zhuang)态转变为(wei)接通状(zhuang)态，并且为(wei)低电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)。由(you)(you)于VT2的(de)基极(ji)(ji)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)比(bi)电(dian)池电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)高(gao)，VD9得到正向偏(pian)置处(chu)于导(dao)通状(zhuang)态。由(you)(you)于二(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)两端导(dao)通压(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)(jiang)不变，负极(ji)(ji)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)下降(jiang)(jiang)时，其(qi)正极(ji)(ji)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)也下降(jiang)(jiang)，所以VT2的(de)基极(ji)(ji)电(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)也随之降(jiang)(jiang)低。

VT2的基极电(dian)(dian)压(ya)下降后，电(dian)(dian)源电(dian)(dian)压(ya)经R9、VT2发射极/基极、VD9负极、R10到电(dian)(dian)池(chi)构成回路，形(xing)成VT2的基极电(dian)(dian)流，VT2导通(tong)，电(dian)(dian)源经R9与导通(tong)后的VT2向(xiang)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)。

电(dian)(dian)(dian)池充电(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)流回(hui)路是：电(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)→R9→VT2发射极→VT2集电(dian)(dian)(dian)极→电(dian)(dian)(dian)池正(zheng)极→电(dian)(dian)(dian)池负(fu)极→地(di)。

VT2的(de)基极(ji)(ji)电压(ya)因电池(chi)电压(ya)的(de)原因下降，VD5的(de)负极(ji)(ji)电压(ya)低于(yu)R11上的(de)电压(ya)降(也(ye)就是(shi)VT1有(you)发射极(ji)(ji)电压(ya))时(shi)，VD5导(dao)通(tong)，此(ci)电流(liu)流(liu)过VD9，使发光(guang)管(guan)VD9导(dao)通(tong)发光(guang)，指示此(ci)时(shi)为充电状态(tai)。

当开关S1处于2、3位(wei)置时，R1与RP1或RP2构成分压(ya)电(dian)(dian)路，使(shi)VT1的(de)(de)基极(ji)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)下降(jiang)，基极(ji)电(dian)(dian)流减(jian)小(xiao)，VT1的(de)(de)内阻增(zeng)大，但仍处于线性(xing)(xing)放大状态，R11上的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)降(jiang)也随之(zhi)减(jian)小(xiao)，通过VD5的(de)(de)钳位(wei)作用(yong)(此时VD5仍处于线性(xing)(xing)导(dao)通状态)，使(shi)VT2的(de)(de)基极(ji)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)下降(jiang)，VT2的(de)(de)基极(ji)电(dian)(dian)流增(zeng)大，VT2的(de)(de)导(dao)通能力(li)加大，内阻减(jian)小(xiao)，电(dian)(dian)源经R9、VT2向(xiang)电(dian)(dian)池充电(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)流也随之(zhi)增(zeng)大。

提示：这一充(chong)电电路在(zai)电池(chi)充(chong)满时(shi)不能自动切(qie)断充(chong)电，所以充(chong)电时(shi)要掌(zhang)握好充(chong)电时(shi)间。

四、镍镉电池快速充电器

1、电路特点

镍镉电(dian)池快(kuai)速(su)充电(dian)器电(dian)路的特(te)点(dian)如(ru)下：

1、 由于(yu)镍镉电池容(rong)易产生记忆效应，若充电不当(dang)会使电池过早失效。

2、 本电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路采用脉冲调宽技术，对电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池先进行大电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，然(ran)后(hou)在短(duan)时间对电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池进行放电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充分(fen)保持电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池内压力的平衡，达(da)到大电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的目的。

如图(tu)所示，是镍镉(ge)电(dian)池快(kuai)速充电(dian)器电(dian)路。

电(dian)(dian)路中，电(dian)(dian)源电(dian)(dian)路由(you)降压(ya)变(bian)压(ya)器T1、整流二极(ji)管(guan)VD1~VD4、滤波电(dian)(dian)容(rong)C3组成。集成电(dian)(dian)路A1构成振荡器，振荡频率由(you)C1与(yu)R1的参数决定，⑤脚(jiao)接入(ru)稳压(ya)管(guan)向(xiang)(xiang)A1提(ti)供基准电(dian)(dian)压(ya)。④脚(jiao)为(wei)电(dian)(dian)路复位端。振荡后的脉冲由(you)③脚(jiao)输出向(xiang)(xiang)后级电(dian)(dian)路提(ti)供脉冲控制信号。VT4为(wei)向(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)(dian)池充电(dian)(dian)用三极(ji)管(guan)，VT5为(wei)电(dian)(dian)池放(fang)电(dian)(dian)用三极(ji)管(guan)。VD6~VD8为(wei)发光二极(ji)管(guan)，指示电(dian)(dian)路工(gong)作状态。

2、电源电路

220V市电经(jing)变(bian)压(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1降(jiang)压(ya)(ya)后，在二次侧得到12V左右交流电压(ya)(ya)，经(jing)整流二极管VD1~VD4组成的桥(qiao)式整流电路整流，再经(jing)滤(lv)波电容C3滤(lv)波后，在C3两端得到直流电压(ya)(ya)，供充电使用(yong)。

3、脉冲产生过程

C1充电过程分析

接通电源后，直流电压(ya)经RP1、R1向(xiang)电容(rong)C1充电，由于电容(rong)C1两端电压(ya)不能突变，所(suo)以A1的②脚(jiao)为(wei)低(di)电位，经A1内电路后，是A1的⑦脚(jiao)对地呈开路状态，此时A1的③脚(jiao)输出的脉(mai)冲为(wei)高电位。

随着C1充(chong)电(dian)(dian)的(de)进行，C1两端的(de)电(dian)(dian)压升(sheng)高(gao)，A1的(de)②脚电(dian)(dian)压也在升(sheng)高(gao)。C1的(de)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)时间由RP1与R1串联后(hou)的(de)总阻值和C1的(de)容(rong)量决(jue)定(ding)。

C1放电过程分析

当C1的(de)(de)充电电压大于A1的(de)(de)⑤脚基准电压时(shi)，A1的(de)(de)内电路翻转，A1的(de)(de)⑦脚对地呈通路状(zhuang)态，电容C1上(shang)的(de)(de)电能经R1、A1的(de)(de)⑦脚、A1的(de)(de)内电路放电，放电时(shi)间由C1容量和R1阻值(zhi)决定，此时(shi)A1的(de)(de)③脚输(shu)出的(de)(de)脉冲为(wei)低(di)电位。

C1充电(dian)(dian)时，其(qi)充电(dian)(dian)时间常(chang)数由RP1与(yu)R1串(chuan)联后(hou)的(de)总阻(zu)值(zhi)和C1的(de)容量决(jue)定。C1放(fang)电(dian)(dian)时，其(qi)时间常(chang)数由C1与(yu)R1以(yi)及A1的(de)⑦脚经内电(dian)(dian)路对地的(de)导(dao)通内阻(zu)决(jue)定，因为A1的(de)⑦经内电(dian)(dian)路导(dao)通后(hou)的(de)内阻(zu)很(hen)小，可(ke)以(yi)忽略不计，C1的(de)放(fang)电(dian)(dian)时间主要由C1与(yu)R1的(de)参数决(jue)定，所以(yi)C1的(de)充电(dian)(dian)时间比C1的(de)放(fang)电(dian)(dian)时间要长。

在(zai)C1充电(dian)时(shi)，A1的(de)(de)③脚(jiao)输(shu)(shu)出的(de)(de)脉(mai)冲(chong)(chong)为(wei)高(gao)电(dian)位，C1放(fang)电(dian)时(shi)，A1的(de)(de)③脚(jiao)输(shu)(shu)出的(de)(de)脉(mai)冲(chong)(chong)为(wei)低电(dian)位，所(suo)以(yi)A1的(de)(de)③脚(jiao)输(shu)(shu)出的(de)(de)是占空比不相等的(de)(de)脉(mai)冲(chong)(chong)，并且脉(mai)冲(chong)(chong)高(gao)电(dian)位的(de)(de)时(shi)间(jian)大于脉(mai)冲(chong)(chong)低电(dian)位的(de)(de)时(shi)间(jian)。如(ru)图所(suo)示是脉(mai)冲(chong)(chong)波(bo)形。

4、电池充/放电过程

电池充电过程分析

当A1的③脚输出的脉冲为高电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位时，这一电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)经R3加到三(san)极管VT2基(ji)极，VT2饱和(he)(he)导通，其集电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极为低电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位，使三(san)极管VT4基(ji)极为低电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位，VT4也饱和(he)(he)导通，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)直流电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)通过VT4向电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回路(lu)为：电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)正极→R8→VT4发射极→集电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极→电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池正极→电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池负极(地(di))。

由(you)于(yu)三极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VT2导通(tong)，发光(guang)二(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VD7也正向(xiang)导通(tong)，VD7点亮发黄光(guang)，指示电(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)正处于(yu)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)状态。此时因(yin)(yin)A1的③脚为(wei)高(gao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)，C2放电(dian)(dian)(dian)使三极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VT3发射结反偏(pian)截止，其集电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压为(wei)低电(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)，使三极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VT5因(yin)(yin)基极(ji)(ji)(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压为(wei)零而截止，发光(guang)二(er)极(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VD8因(yin)(yin)无电(dian)(dian)(dian)压而截止不(bu)发光(guang)。

电池放电过程分析

当(dang)③脚输出为低电位时(shi)，电容C2得到充电，其充电回路(lu)为：电源→VT3发射(she)极(ji)(ji)→基极(ji)(ji)→R4→C2正极(ji)(ji)→C2负极(ji)(ji)→A1的③脚→A1内电路(lu)→A1的①脚→地。

C2的这一(yi)充电(dian)过(guo)(guo)程，使三极(ji)管VT3流(liu)过(guo)(guo)基极(ji)电(dian)流(liu)而饱和导通，其集电(dian)极(ji)电(dian)压升高(gao)，三极(ji)管VT5基极(ji)电(dian)压升高(gao)，VT5基极(ji)电(dian)流(liu)增(zeng)大(da)，VT5饱和导通。

VT5饱和导通后，电(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)上的(de)电(dian)压经(jing)导通后的(de)VT5进行放电(dian)。电(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)放电(dian)回路为：电(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)正(zheng)极(ji)→VT5集电(dian)极(ji)→VT5发(fa)射极(ji)→R9→地(电(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)负极(ji))。

此时因为三(san)极管(guan)VT3导通，发光(guang)二(er)极管(guan)VD8得到正(zheng)(zheng)向偏置而导通发光(guang)，指(zhi)示充电器(qi)正(zheng)(zheng)在对电池放电。

随(sui)着C2充电的(de)进(jin)行，C2两(liang)端(duan)电压在逐渐升高，流过三极管VT3的(de)基(ji)极电流在逐渐减小，当(dang)C2充电结(jie)束时，VT3因(yin)为无基(ji)极电流而截止(zhi)，三极管VT5也随(sui)之截止(zhi)，停(ting)止(zhi)了对电池放(fang)电。

由于A1的(de)(de)(de)(de)③脚(jiao)输出的(de)(de)(de)(de)脉冲占(zhan)空比是不相等的(de)(de)(de)(de)，高电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)时间大(da)(da)(da)于低电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)时间，因此三极管VT4饱(bao)和导通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)时间大(da)(da)(da)于三极管VT5饱(bao)和导通(tong)时间。电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)时间大(da)(da)(da)于电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)时间，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在大(da)(da)(da)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)下，再(zai)进行短时间的(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，使电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)内(nei)压力保持(chi)平(ping)衡，以达到消除电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)记(ji)忆效应的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

三极管VT3截止(zhi)后，VT3无(wu)集(ji)电(dian)(dian)极电(dian)(dian)流(liu)，发(fa)光二极管VD8无(wu)工作电(dian)(dian)压而截至，VD8熄灭。这样(yang)在振荡器的(de)(de)作用(yong)下，A1的(de)(de)③脚(jiao)不断地输出高低电(dian)(dian)位变化的(de)(de)脉冲，充(chong)电(dian)(dian)器不断的(de)(de)重复上(shang)面(mian)的(de)(de)过程。

5、充电结束

随着(zhe)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)进行，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)两端电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)逐渐(jian)升高(gao)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)经(jing)可变电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻RP2分(fen)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)后，在动(dong)片(pian)上的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)升高(gao)，三极管(guan)VT1基(ji)极电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)也升高(gao)。当(dang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)达到额定(ding)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)时，RP1动(dong)片(pian)上的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)使三极管(guan)VT1饱和导(dao)通，其(qi)内阻很小，将(jiang)A1的(de)(de)④脚(jiao)对地短路(lu)，使A1复位，A1停止振荡，A1的(de)(de)③脚(jiao)无脉冲输出，对电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)完成。

由于三极管VT1饱和导通，构成了(le)发(fa)光(guang)二(er)极管VD6的导通回路(lu)，VD6发(fa)光(guang)，指示电(dian)池(chi)充电(dian)结束(shu)。

6、充电速度和充电电压调整

充电速度调整

调(diao)整(zheng)RP1可调(diao)整(zheng)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)速度(du)(du)，加(jia)(jia)大RP1的(de)同时增加(jia)(jia)了(le)C1的(de)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)时间(jian)(jian)，A1的(de)③脚高电(dian)(dian)位的(de)时间(jian)(jian)加(jia)(jia)长，于(yu)是(shi)三极管VT4的(de)向电(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)的(de)时间(jian)(jian)也加(jia)(jia)长，但(dan)由(you)于(yu)C2的(de)放(fang)电(dian)(dian)时间(jian)(jian)并不改(gai)变，所以这样就加(jia)(jia)大了(le)对电(dian)(dian)池的(de)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)时间(jian)(jian)，放(fang)电(dian)(dian)时间(jian)(jian)没有(you)改(gai)变，可加(jia)(jia)快对电(dian)(dian)池的(de)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)速度(du)(du)。反(fan)之则放(fang)慢对电(dian)(dian)池的(de)充(chong)(chong)电(dian)(dian)速度(du)(du)。

充电电压调整

调整RP2可改变(bian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，调整RP2可改变(bian)其动(dong)(dong)片上的(de)分压(ya)，使这一电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)符(fu)合(he)需充电(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)要(yao)求。也就是当电(dian)(dian)(dian)池被(bei)充满电(dian)(dian)(dian)时，RP2的(de)动(dong)(dong)片上的(de)分压(ya)正好能让(rang)三(san)极管VT1饱和导通(tong)，让(rang)A1复位并(bing)停止振荡(dang)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)器结束充电(dian)(dian)(dian)。

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