路灯控(kong)制器(qi)-太阳能路灯控(kong)制器(qi)系统(tong)结(jie)构及设计方案原理大全-KIA MOS管
信息来(lai)源：本站 日期：2018-05-21
太阳(yang)能作为一种新兴(xing)的(de)绿色能源(yuan)，以(yi)其永(yong)不枯竭、无污染等优点，正得到迅速的(de)推(tui)广应(ying)用(yong)。LED具有(you)(you)体积小而(er)坚固耐用(yong)，耗电(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)低、使用(yong)奉命长、环保、光色性能好等特点，有(you)(you)资料显(xian)示(shi)，每(mei)年用(yong)于照(zhao)明(ming)的(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)在(zai)3000亿度(du)以(yi)上(shang)，若采用(yong)LED照(zhao)明(ming)，每(mei)年就可以(yi)节约1/3的(de)照(zhao)明(ming)用(yong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)，基本(ben)(ben)上(shang)相当于总投资规模超过2000亿元的(de)三(san)峡(xia)工程(cheng)的(de)全年发电(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)。由于太阳(yang)能电(dian)(dian)(dian)池板输(shu)出(chu)的(de)是直流(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)能，而(er)LED也是直流(liu)驱动光源(yuan)，两者的(de)结合(he)更能提(ti)高整(zheng)个(ge)系统的(de)效率，降低市政成本(ben)(ben)，所以(yi)LED太阳(yang)能路灯越来越受(shou)到人(ren)们的(de)重视。
LED太阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)路灯系统(tong)如图1所(suo)示(shi)，可(ke)以看出其由(you)太阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、路灯控制器(qi)、蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、市电(dian)(dian)(dian)供(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)和LED路灯五部分(fen)组成，其中太阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)用(yong)于(yu)把(ba)太阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)光能(neng)(neng)转互电(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，即(ji)白天(tian)时刻(ke)太阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)给(ji)蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)，并且可(ke)以根据(ju)太阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)两端电(dian)(dian)(dian)压的(de)大小(xiao)判断光亮程度。也(ye)就是从太阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)压的(de)大小(xiao)来判断天(tian)黑(hei)和天(tian)亮。蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是整个太阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)系统(tong)的(de)储备(bei)能(neng)(neng)源设备(bei)，白天(tian)时太阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)给(ji)蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)，晚上或(huo)阴雨天(tian)系统(tong)和负载用(yong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)由(you)蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)来提供(gong)。
图1 LED太阳能路灯(deng)系统
太阳能路灯控制器是太阳能路灯系统中最为重要的部件，其功能设计的好坏决定了一个太阳能路灯系统运行情况的优劣。路灯控制器需要实现的功能有：根据太阳亮度，白天断开LED路灯而给蓄电池充电，晚上通过蓄电池给路灯供电，并能分时段进行功率调整，在蓄电池电量不足时，自动切换到市电供电系统；防止蓄电池过充和过放，具有短路保护和反接保护功能等。
根据需要实现的控制功能，本文选择STM8单片机对LED太阳能路灯系统进行控制。
单片机主要完成的功能包括检测蓄电池两端电压并根据不同状态采用不同的充电模式；判断白天黑夜并以此来切换蓄电池充电和放电模式以及切换到市电供电系统。
路灯控(kong)制器(qi)(qi)中包括的电路模(mo)块(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)比较(jiao)多，如电源模(mo)块(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)、复位模(mo)块(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)、时钟模(mo)块(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)，而对整个控(kong)制器(qi)(qi)至整个太阳能路灯系统比较(jiao)重要(yao)的是(shi)电压检测模(mo)块(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)及(ji)蓄(xu)电池充放电模(mo)块(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)及(ji)切换(huan)模(mo)块(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)。
由控制(zhi)(zhi)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)实现功能知，白天(tian)太阳能电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)给(ji)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，晚上或阴天(tian)用(yong)(yong)于LED路(lu)(lu)灯照明，实现绿色(se)环保节(jie)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)，所以(yi)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)(zhi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)在太阳能路(lu)(lu)灯控制(zhi)(zhi)系统(tong)中(zhong)具有重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)。本(ben)文采(cai)用(yong)(yong)斩(zhan)波式PWM充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)原理，单片机(ji)首先检测蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)两端电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)，并(bing)与软件中(zhong)设(she)(she)定电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)相比(bi)较，进(jin)而选择不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式。具体的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)如(ru)图2所示(shi)，其(qi)中(zhong)中(zhong)J1、J3分(fen)别为蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和太阳能电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正极，单片机(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)口(kou)(kou)通过(guo)R20、R21及R18、R19分(fen)别对太阳能电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)和蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)进(jin)行(xing)采(cai)样，经过(guo)AD转换判断，在满足充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或停止(zhi)(zhi)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)条件下，单片机(ji)P0.3口(kou)(kou)给(ji)出充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)(zhi)信号，使三极管(guan)S 导(dao)通或截止(zhi)(zhi)，即(ji)可实现蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，具体可见(jian)程(cheng)序设(she)(she)计(ji)部分(fen)。其(qi)中(zhong)图中(zhong)D6为防反(fan)充(chong)肖特(te)基(ji)二极管(guan)，避免当蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)高于太阳能电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)时，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)向(xiang)太阳能电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)反(fan)充(chong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。D7是(shi)一个保护(hu)二极管(guan)，当蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)反(fan)接时电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)断开(kai)，保护(hu)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，提高系统(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠性。
图2蓄电池充电控制电路
为了在夜(ye)间不同时(shi)刻(ke)采用(yong)不同的(de)亮度，以达到节约电(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)目的(de)，本系统(tong)设(she)(she)计了两路(lu)(lu)负载输(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)，晚(wan)上12点(dian)以前两盏LED皆亮，12点(dian)后(hou)一(yi)盏点(dian)亮，每路(lu)(lu)输(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)均(jun)有立的(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)和检测。设(she)(she)计采用(yong)了PWM功率控制(zhi)(zhi)功能对LED灯具实(shi)现(xian)无级调光。单路(lu)(lu)原(yuan)理如图3所示(shi)。其(qi)中单片机P0.6 口(kou)给出(chu)(chu)控制(zhi)(zhi)信号(hao)，即P 0 . 6 = 1 时(shi)，三极管导通(tong)，继电(dian)(dian)(dian)器闭合，MOS管导通(tong)，蓄电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)向路(lu)(lu)灯供(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)。在电(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)不足(zu)或(huo)白(bai)天时(shi)，控制(zhi)(zhi)端(duan)输(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)低电(dian)(dian)(dian)平信号(hao)，切断供(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)。夜(ye)晚(wan)蓄电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)不足(zu)情(qing)况下由市电(dian)(dian)(dian)供(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)系统(tong)给LED路(lu)(lu)灯供(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)，保证系统(tong)的(de)完整和可(ke)靠。
图(tu)3 负载输出控制电路
控制器能自动检测当前的状态，首先根据太阳能电池两端电压检测当前状态是白天还是黑夜，进而选择是充电模式或者放电模式。在充电模式中根据蓄电池两两端的电压选择不同的充电模式，如当充电电压高于保护电压（15V）时，自动关断对蓄电池的充电，此后当电压掉至维护电压（13.2V）时，蓄电池进入浮充状态，当低于维护电压（13.2V）后浮充关闭，进入均充状态。
在(zai)放电(dian)(dian)过程(cheng)(cheng)中，首先保证在(zai)晚上(shang)12点(dian)前开(kai)通两路负载(zai)，12点(dian)后开(kai)通一路负载(zai)，并且当蓄电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)电(dian)(dian)压低(di)于保护(hu)电(dian)(dian)压（11V）时，控制器自动切换到市(shi)电(dian)(dian)供电(dian)(dian)系统或(huo)关闭负载(zai)开(kai)关以保护(hu)蓄电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不受(shou)损坏。因此，充电(dian)(dian)管理和放电(dian)(dian)管理是系统软件设计(ji)中的(de)主(zhu)要内(nei)容，充放电(dian)(dian)程(cheng)(cheng)序流程(cheng)(cheng)图如图4 所示：
图4 充放电程序流程图
LED路(lu)灯中的(de)(de)控制器电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)设(she)计过程未(wei)考虑电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁兼容问(wen)题，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)滤(lv)波电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)设(she)计不(bu)够理想，导致低频辐(fu)射超出限值，产品骚扰电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)项(xiang)目(mu)不(bu)符(fu)合(he)GB 17743-2007《电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)气照明(ming)和类似(si)设(she)备(bei)的(de)(de)无线(xian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)骚扰特性的(de)(de)限值和测(ce)量(liang)方(fang)法(fa)》限值要(yao)求(qiu)。该项(xiang)目(mu)不(bu)合(he)格容易导致电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)网(wang)的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)和电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流波形发(fa)生畸变(bian)，污染电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)网(wang)，对(dui)接入电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)网(wang)的(de)(de)其他电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)气设(she)备(bei)（特别是高灵敏设(she)备(bei)）的(de)(de)正常工作造成影(ying)响。
骚(sao)扰(rao)(rao)电压骚(sao)扰(rao)(rao)主要包括差模骚(sao)扰(rao)(rao)和(he)共(gong)模骚(sao)扰(rao)(rao)，对(dui)于不同频段的(de)传导骚(sao)扰(rao)(rao)超标，常用的(de)整改(gai)措施有：
对于(yu)差模(mo)骚(sao)扰超标可调整(zheng)(zheng)X电(dian)(dian)容(rong)容(rong)量(liang)，添加(jia)差模(mo)电(dian)(dian)感器，调整(zheng)(zheng)差模(mo)电(dian)(dian)感量(liang)（如图1）；对于(yu)共模(mo)骚(sao)扰超标可添加(jia)共模(mo)电(dian)(dian)感，选用合理(li)的电(dian)(dian)感量(liang)来抑制，或(huo)者增加(jia)Y电(dian)(dian)容(rong)，适当调整(zheng)(zheng)Y电(dian)(dian)容(rong)的参数(shu)和位置（如图2）。
图1 LED路灯(deng)5MHz以下差模骚扰电(dian)压整改措施
图2 LED路(lu)灯(deng)5MHz以下共模(mo)骚扰电(dian)压整(zheng)改(gai)措施
5M~20MHz以(yi)(yi)共摸(mo)骚扰(rao)为主(zhu)，采用抑制共摸(mo)的方(fang)法。对(dui)于外(wai)壳接地(di)(di)的，在(zai)地(di)(di)线(xian)上用一个磁环串绕(rao)2-3 圈(quan)会对(dui)10MHz 以(yi)(yi)上骚扰(rao)有较大的衰减作用。或者在(zai)输出整(zheng)流管两端并联RC滤波器且调整(zheng)合理的参数（如(ru)图3）。
图(tu)3 LED路灯5M-20MHz共(gong)模(mo)骚(sao)扰电压整改(gai)措施
20~30MHZ的骚扰(rao)：常用(yong)的整改措(cuo)施可以调整对地Y电容(rong)容(rong)量或(huo)(huo)改变Y 电容(rong)位置；或(huo)(huo)者变压器外面(mian)包铜箔；或(huo)(huo)者输出线(xian)前(qian)面(mian)接一个双线(xian)并绕(rao)的小共模电感。
主要是LED路灯具整体设计存在缺陷，例如灯具或电源的屏蔽效果不好，灯具电源外的恒流模块的设计不合理，接地布线、灯具内部走线布置不合理，感性元器件的非合理应用等导致骚扰不符合GB 17743-2007《电气照明和类似设备的无线电骚扰特性的限值和测量方法》限值要求。
作为辐射骚扰(rao)的(de)(de)(de)抑制措(cuo)施，要特别(bie)注意开关(guan)(guan)电源的(de)(de)(de)布局和布线。作为补(bu)救(jiu)，在开关(guan)(guan)电源的(de)(de)(de)结构上和器件的(de)(de)(de)采用上也可(ke)采取适当措(cuo)施（如屏(ping)蔽(bi)和滤波等）。常见的(de)(de)(de)抑制措(cuo)施如下：
电路设计时无法实现最佳布线，但应考虑最重要的部分。从电磁骚扰发射的角度考虑，最重要的信号是高电流和电压变化率信号，如时钟线、数据线、大功率方波振荡器等。从敏感度的角度考虑，最重要的信号是前后沿触发输入电路、时钟系统、小信号模拟放大器等。开关调整回路和整流输出回路是最重要的电磁骚扰发射线路；而反馈控制则是最重要的敏感线路。
屏蔽效应的原理是用屏蔽罩反射或吸收噪声。主要采用完整屏蔽结构的金属屏蔽罩，要求开孔尺寸和紧固件的间隔尽量小，还要避免由于覆盖涂层造成某些区域的绝缘。
整(zheng)改方法为：调整(zheng)输(shu)出整(zheng)流管的(de)吸收(shou)电(dian)路(lu)参数，或(huo)者在输(shu)出整(zheng)流管和MOS管管脚上串磁珠，或(huo)者在MOSFET的(de)D-S脚并(bing)联(lian)一个小(xiao)吸收(shou)电(dian)路(lu)。
主要是LED路灯及LED控制装置抗浪涌电路的设计不合理，或者压敏电阻、瞬态抑制二极管或气体放电管的选择不合理，导致不符合GB/T 17626.5-2008《电磁兼容试验和测量技术 浪涌(冲击)抗扰度试验》限值要求。该项目不合格会LED路灯防雷效能差，在雷雨天气不能很好的保护设备的正常工作，甚至很快出现灯具故障，影响正常的路面夜间行车安全。
根(gen)据浪(lang)涌测试原理(li)和产品设计(ji)(ji)原理(li)，主要的(de)整改措(cuo)施为增加(jia)防浪(lang)涌装(zhuang)置的(de)设计(ji)(ji)，以及接(jie)地处(chu)理(li)。
五、结语
太(tai)阳(yang)(yang)能(neng)作为(wei)取之(zhi)不尽、用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)不竭的(de)(de)清洁能(neng)源，必将得到人们(men)越来(lai)越多的(de)(de)关注和(he)利用(yong)(yong)，高(gao)效环保的(de)(de)太(tai)阳(yang)(yang)能(neng)LED路灯也将成(cheng)为(wei)更多市(shi)政改扩建工程的(de)(de)选择。本文根据太(tai)阳(yang)(yang)能(neng)路灯的(de)(de)控(kong)制需要，对太(tai)阳(yang)(yang)能(neng)路灯控(kong)制器从硬件结构及软(ruan)件开发方(fang)面进行(xing)了设计，该(gai)控(kong)制器具有抗干扰能(neng)力强、便于控(kong)制特(te)点。
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